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Yearly Archives: 2025

Axiom-4 Mission to the International Space Station (ISS) 

In News

  • The launch of the Axiom-4 mission has been postponed again due to a technical issue with SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket. 

    • The Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission 

  • It will spend 14 to 21 days on the ISS, conducting over 60 experiments in collaboration with 31 countries, covering fields like biomedical research, Earth observation, and materials science. 
  • Some experiments involve ISRO, offering India key insights for its upcoming Gaganyaan mission, now expected in 2027. 
  • The Ax-4 crew includes members from India, Poland, and Hungary, marking each nation’s first mission to the space station in history and second government-sponsored human spaceflight mission in over 40 years.
  • Shubhanshu Shukla will be India’s second national astronaut to go to space since 1984.

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    Ocean Acidification

    Context

  • A recent study has revealed that ocean acidification has breached its planetary boundary, posing grave threats to marine ecosystems and global climate stability.

    • What is Ocean Acidification?

  • Ocean acidification refers to the ongoing decrease in the pH of Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere. 
  • When CO₂ dissolves in seawater, it forms carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH and reduces calcium carbonate levels – essential for many marine organisms.

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    Blue NDC Challenge

    In News

  • France and Brazil launched a landmark international initiative Blue Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Challenge.

    • About Blue Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Challenge

  • It urges countries to embed ocean-centric actions into their climate plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
  • The challenge aims to dramatically scale up ocean-focused climate action ahead of the 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Belem, Brazil.
  • The initiative is supported by various organizations like Ocean Conservancy, the Ocean & Climate Platform, the World Resources Institute (through the Ocean Resilience and Climate Alliance – ORCA), and WWF-Brazil.

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    Rapid Expansion of Gig Workforce in India

    Context

  • Recently, VV Giri National Labour Institute (VVGNLI) forecasted that the Gig workforce in India, making up 15% of the country’s total non-agricultural workforce.

    • Key Findings & Projections of Study

  • Approximately 3 million workers were engaged in platform jobs across 11 major companies in 2020.
  • It is expected to reach 23 million, making up 7% of the non-agricultural workforce by 2030, and is projected to more than double, reaching 62 million workers by 2047.
  • It could generate up to 90.8 million jobs under aspirational growth scenarios, but economic and regulatory uncertainties could limit growth to 32.5 million.
  • Sectoral Expansion: Initially concentrated in ride-sharing and food delivery, gig jobs have diversified into healthcare, education, creative services, and professional consulting with the rapid rise of app-based services and shifting work preferences.

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    India’s IBC Framework: Balancing Resolution with Recovery

    Context

  • Over eight years since its enactment, India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 has significantly altered the country’s credit landscape. 

    • How has IBC helped improve resolutions?

  • Since the introduction of IBC, India has improved its Ease of Doing Business ranking (basis World Bank report 2020), particularly in ‘Resolving Insolvency’, from 136 in 2016 to 52 in 2020.
  • According to the Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2024 report published by the Reserve Bank of India, IBC accounted for 48% of the total recoveries made by banks in the financial year 2023–24.

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    UNFPA State of World Population 2025

    Context

  • India’s population has reached an estimated 146.39 crore by April 2025, according to the United Nations report titled “State of the World Population 2025: The Real Fertility Crisis.”

    • India’s Status as per the 2025 Report

  • Current Population Status: India is the world’s most populous country with 146.39 crore people, surpassing China (141.61 crore).
  • The population is expected to peak at 170 crore before beginning to decline in approximately 40 years.
  • Decline in Fertility Rate: TFR is now 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1.
  • Among the states that had fertility rates higher than national average were Bihar (2.98), Meghalaya (2.9), Uttar Pradesh (2.35), Jharkhand (2.26), and Manipur (2.2).

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    संक्षिप्त समाचार 11-06-2025

    संदर्भ 

  • प्रधानमंत्री ने संत कबीर दास को उनकी जयंती (11 जून) पर श्रद्धांजलि अर्पित की।

    • संत कबीर दास

  • वह 15वीं शताब्दी के भारतीय कवि और संत थे।
  • उनका जन्म काशी (वाराणसी) में हुआ था, हालाँकि उनके जीवन से जुड़ी जानकारियाँ ज्यादातर कथाओं और बिखरे हुए स्रोतों जैसे बीजक, आदि ग्रंथ, और दाबिस्तान-ए-तवारीख पर आधारित हैं।

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    अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन के लिए एक्सिओम-4 मिशन(ISS)

    संदर्भ 

  • Axiom-4 मिशन का प्रक्षेपण फिर से स्थगित कर दिया गया है, क्योंकि SpaceX के Falcon 9 रॉकेट में तकनीकी समस्या उत्पन्न हुई है।

    • Axiom-4 (Ax-4) मिशन

  • यह 14 से 21 दिनों तक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन (ISS) पर रहेगा। 
  • मिशन के दौरान 31 देशों के साथ मिलकर 60 से अधिक प्रयोग किए जाएँगे, जो बायोमेडिकल अनुसंधान, पृथ्वी अवलोकन और सामग्री विज्ञान जैसे क्षेत्रों को समाविष्ट करेंगे।

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    महासागर अम्लीकरण

    संदर्भ 

  • एक हालिया अध्ययन से पता चला है कि महासागर अम्लीकरण ने अपनी ग्रहीय सीमा को पार कर लिया है, जिससे समुद्री पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र और वैश्विक जलवायु स्थिरता को गंभीर खतरा उत्पन्न हो सकता है।

    • महासागर अम्लीकरण क्या है?

  • महासागर अम्लीकरण पृथ्वी के महासागरों में pH स्तर में लगातार गिरावट को संदर्भित करता है, जो वायुमंडल से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड (CO₂) के अवशोषण के कारण होता है। 
  • जब CO₂ समुद्री जल में घुलता है, तो यह कार्बनिक अम्ल (Carbonic Acid) बनाता है, जिससे महासागर का pH कम होता है और कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट का स्तर घट जाता है—जो कई समुद्री जीवों के लिए आवश्यक है।

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