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    News in Short – 30 October, 2025

    In News

  • Hurricane Melissa made a catastrophic landfall in Jamaica, bringing extreme rainfall, storm surge, and potential structural collapse.

    • Hurricanes

  • It is also known as typhoons or cyclones depending on their location and are the most intense storms on Earth. 
  • Scientifically termed tropical cyclones, they all form through the same process, but only those originating in the Atlantic or eastern Pacific are called hurricanes.
  • A six-year rotating list of names, updated and maintained by the World Meteorological Organization, is used to identify these storms.
  • Names can be retired if storms cause significant damage or casualties, based on member consensus.
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    China’s Complaint Against India at WTO

    Context

  • China has filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO) against India. 

    • Law on subsidies in WTO

  • Legal Framework: Governed by the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) under the WTO.
  • Sovereign Right vs. Fair Trade: While nations have the sovereign right to grant industrial subsidies to boost domestic industries, WTO law ensures these do not distort international trade or create unfair competition.
  • Unfair Competition: Arises when subsidies artificially enhance competitiveness of domestic industries in exports or against imports.
  • Article 1 (Definition of Subsidy): A subsidy exists when there is a financial contribution by a government or public body, and it confers a benefit on the recipient.
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    Indian Maritime Sector Has Seen Historic Progress: PM Modi

    Context

  • Recently, the Prime Minister of India, addressing the Maritime Leaders’ Conclave during India Maritime Week 2025, declared that India’s maritime sector has undergone ‘historic progress’, positioning the nation as a rising force in global maritime trade.

    • About the India’s Maritime Sector

  • Nearly 95% of India’s trade by volume and about 70% by value moves through maritime routes.
  • In FY 2024–25, major ports handled about 855 million tonnes of cargo, signaling robust growth in maritime trade and port efficiency.
  • The Maritime India Vision 2030 charts 150+ initiatives with projected investments of ₹3–3.5 lakh crore, supported by a recent ₹69,725 crore package for shipbuilding.
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    CSE Assessment Finds Indian Soils Severely Deficient in Key Nutrients

    Context

  • Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) analysis of government data finds 64% of Indian soil samples low in nitrogen and nearly half low in organic carbon.

    • Major Findings

  • India’s soils are severely deficient in essential nutrients such as nitrogen and organic carbon. 
  • These deficiencies have serious implications for both crop productivity and climate change mitigation. 
  • Indian soils can sequester an estimated 6-7 teragram of carbon annually.
  • Limited scope of soil monitoring: Launched in 2015 under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, the SHC scheme tests 12 chemical parameters in soil and issues nutrient-based recommendations to farmers. 
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    NITI Aayog Releases Reports on India’s Services Sector

    Context

  • NITI Aayog released two reports titled India’s Service Sector: Insights from GVA trends and state-level dynamics and India’s Service Sector: Insights from employment trends and state-level dynamics.

    • Key Findings of GVA Trends

  • The services sector contributes around 55% of India’s GVA.
  • India is evolving from a “services-exporter nation” to a “services-driven economy” with strong domestic linkages.
  • High-growth subsectors include IT-BPM, finance, real estate, logistics, healthcare, and education.
  • Regional Trends: Southern and Western states (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Gujarat) remain leaders, accounting for over 60% of India’s total services GVA.
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    Relocation of Forest-dwelling Communities

    In News

  • The Union Tribal Affairs Ministry has issued a policy mandating that relocation of forest-dwelling communities from tiger reserves must be “exceptional, voluntary, and evidence-based.

    • Background 

  • India’s tiger conservation strategy is moving from exclusionary “fortress conservation” to a rights-based, community-centred model. 
  • Historically, the creation of tiger reserves often displaced forest-dwelling communities, but the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) now mandates that relocation must be a last resort, voluntary, scientifically justified, rights-compliant, and equitable.
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    Cyclone Montha

    Context

  • Severe cyclonic storm Montha created destruction in Andhra Pradesh. 

    • What are Cyclones?

  • The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake.
  • It was coined by Henry Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.
  • Cyclones are powerful, rotating storms that form over warm ocean waters, characterized by low pressure at the center and high winds.
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    संक्षिप्त समाचार 30-10-2025

    समाचार में 

  • हैरिकेन मेलिसा ने जमैका में विनाशकारी रूप से दस्तक दी, जिससे अत्यधिक वर्षा, समुद्री तूफान और संरचनात्मक गिरावट की आशंका उत्पन्न हुई। 

    • हैरिकेन 

  • इन्हें उनके स्थान के अनुसार टाइफून या साइक्लोन भी कहा जाता है और ये पृथ्वी पर सबसे तीव्र तूफान होते हैं। 
  • वैज्ञानिक रूप से इन्हें उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवात कहा जाता है। ये सभी एक समान प्रक्रिया से बनते हैं, लेकिन केवल अटलांटिक या पूर्वी प्रशांत में उत्पन्न होने वाले तूफानों को हैरिकेन कहा जाता है।
  • इन तूफानों की पहचान के लिए विश्व मौसम विज्ञान संगठन द्वारा अद्यतन और संरक्षित छह-वर्षीय चक्र वाली नामों की सूची का उपयोग किया जाता है।
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    विश्व व्यापार संगठन में भारत के विरुद्ध चीन की शिकायत

    संदर्भ

  • चीन ने भारत के विरुद्ध विश्व व्यापार संगठन (WTO) में एक शिकायत दर्ज की है।

    • WTO में सब्सिडी पर कानून

  • कानूनी ढांचा: WTO के अंतर्गत सब्सिडी और प्रतिकारी उपायों पर समझौते (SCM समझौता) द्वारा शासित।
  • संप्रभु अधिकार बनाम निष्पक्ष व्यापार: जबकि देशों को घरेलू उद्योगों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए औद्योगिक सब्सिडी देने का संप्रभु अधिकार है, WTO कानून यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि ये सब्सिडी अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार को विकृत न करें या अनुचित प्रतिस्पर्धा न उत्पन्न करें।
  • अनुचित प्रतिस्पर्धा: तब उत्पन्न होती है जब सब्सिडी घरेलू उद्योगों की प्रतिस्पर्धात्मकता को कृत्रिम रूप से बढ़ा देती है — निर्यात में या आयात की तुलना में।
  • अनुच्छेद 1 (सब्सिडी की परिभाषा): जब सरकार या सार्वजनिक निकाय द्वारा वित्तीय योगदान दिया जाता है और उससे लाभार्थी को लाभ प्राप्त होता है, तो वह सब्सिडी मानी जाती है।
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