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Daily Current Affairs – 21 November, 2025

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    SC States it cannot Impose Timelines on President and Governors

    Context

  • The Supreme Court held that it cannot impose any timelines for decisions of the President and the governor on granting assent to Bills under Articles 200/201 of the constitution.

    • Background

  • Recently, the Supreme Court verdict laid down a timeline for the President and governors to decide on state bills.
  • Reason: The Governor is not bound by any time limit to act on a Bill.
  • This creates a situation where the Governor can simply not act on a Bill indefinitely this is referred to as a "Pocket Veto", although the term is not officially used in the Constitution. 
  • The Supreme Court ruled that Governors cannot delay or withhold assent to Bills indefinitely once they are passed or re-passed by the state Assembly.
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    Pending Cases Before Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs)

    Context

  • The ‘Juvenile Justice and Children in Conflict with the Law: A Study of Capacity at the Frontlines’, released by the India Justice Report (IJR) revealed alarming gaps in India’s juvenile justice system.

    • Key Findings of Study

  • High Pendency Across Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs): About 55% of the cases before 362 Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) across the country remained pending.
  • Pendency rates vary significantly — from 83% in Odisha to 35% in Karnataka, although 92% of India’s 765 districts have constituted JJBs (as on October 2023).
  • The findings highlight serious inefficiencies in case management and delivery of justice for Children in Conflict with the Law (CCL).
  • Lack of Centralized Data and Transparency: There is no centralized public database for JJBs, unlike the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) for regular courts.
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    India-U.S. Defence Deal

    Context

  • The US State Department has approved the sale of the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile system and the M982A1 Excalibur precision-guided artillery munitions worth $93 million to India.

    • FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile system

  • The Javelin missile system is a modern anti-tank guided missile system that is used extensively across the world. 
  • It is a single man-portable fire-and-forget medium-range anti-tank weapon system designed to defeat all known and projected threat armour.
  • Javelin automatically guides itself to the target after the initial launch, allowing the operator to take cover, relocate or prepare to engage another threat.
  • India has requested up to 216 of the M982A1 Excalibur tactical projectiles for purchase.
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    News in Short – 21 November, 2025

    In News

  • The FSSAI has directed the authorities to immediately remove from sale all fruit-based beverages, ready-to-serve drinks, energy drinks, electrolyte beverages, and similar products that are being marketed using the term ORS.

    • About ORS

  • ORS (Oral Rehydration Salts) denotes standardized, WHO–UNICEF–recommended sachets that are dissolved in clean water to make an Oral Rehydration Solution for oral rehydration therapy.
  • Its primary purpose is to prevent and treat dehydration from acute diarrhoea (including cholera) in all age groups, especially children in low- and middle-income countries where diarrhoeal disease is a leading cause of under‑5 mortality.
  • The current WHO low‑osmolarity ORS formulation contains sodium chloride, anhydrous glucose, potassium chloride and trisodium citrate dihydrate in precise amounts.
  • Glucose is included at a controlled concentration to exploit the sodium–glucose co‑transport mechanism in the small intestine, thereby enhancing intestinal absorption of sodium and, consequently, water.
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