Hydraulic Systems: Functioning & Applications

Syllabus: GS3/General Science

Context

• Hydraulic systems convert power into smooth, flexible mechanical movement, making heavy lifting and precision tasks possible.

About the Hydraulic Systems

• Hydraulic systems are essential in modern engineering, enabling powerful and precise movement in various industries.
• They offer advantages such as smooth operation, high power-to-weight ratio, precise control, and efficient heat dissipation.
• Worldwide, hydraulics constitute a $45-50 billion market and is growing steadily.

Working of Hydraulic Systems

• Hydraulic systems use incompressible fluids to transmit force efficiently, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications, based on Pascal’s Law.
  • Pascal’s law states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.
    • Pneumatic systems use compressible fluid, such as air, in their operation.
• It allows a small force applied over a small area to generate a much larger force over a larger area.
• They operate by applying pressure to a fluid, which then transmits force evenly in all directions.
• In this system, forces perpendicular everywhere to the surface; force per unit area (pressure) same everywhere.

• Key Components:
  • Pumps: Convert mechanical energy into fluid pressure
  • Valves: Control the flow and direction of the fluid
  • Actuators: Deliver mechanical output, either linear or rotary.
  • Pipes and Tanks: Store and transport hydraulic fluid.
  • Sensors and Switches: Ensure operational safety and control.

Applications of Hydraulic Systems

• Construction Equipment: Cranes, excavators, and bulldozers rely on hydraulic power for lifting and movement.
• Aviation: Aircraft landing gear and control surfaces use hydraulic mechanisms.
• Manufacturing: Press machines and robotic arms operate using hydraulic force.
• Automotive Industry: Braking systems in vehicles function through hydraulic pressure.

Source: TH