Lead Exposure: Major Public Health and Economic Threat

Syllabus: GS2/Health 

In News 

• New study in Communications Earth & Environment reveals that lead exposure remains a major public health and economic threat.

About

• The estimated annual global cost from childhood lead exposure is $3.4 trillion, or over 2% of global GDP (2019), with low- and middle-income countries bearing the brunt due to informal recycling and weak regulations.
• Lead production is around 16 million tonnes/year, mainly used in batteries, paints, and consumer goods.

Causes of Lead Exposure

• Industrial emissions: Battery recycling, smelting, and manufacturing release lead into air and soil.
• Paints and pigments: Despite bans, lead-based paints are still used in homes and toys.
• Contaminated water: Lead leaches from old plumbing systems and poorly regulated water sources.
• Spices and cosmetics: Adulteration in turmeric and traditional cosmetics like kohl has been documented.

Health Impacts

• Cognitive impairment: Reduced IQ, learning disabilities, and behavioral disorders.
• Physical health issues: Anaemia, kidney damage, and developmental delays.
• Long-term consequences: Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and reduced economic productivity.

Recommendations and Solutions

• Experts and government bodies have proposed several measures to address the crisis:
  • Eliminate unsafe and illegal lead sources.
  • Establish nationwide blood lead level testing, especially in high-risk areas.
  • Educate communities about sources of exposure and safe practices.
  • Formalize and regulate battery and e-waste recycling sectors.
  • Invest in epidemiological studies to identify hotspots and track progress.

Source: DTE