PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (Degree, Research, Patent & Fellowship)

Q: How do PhD and masters programs differ from each other?

The PhD is a research-based degree with an emphasis on scholarship while the Masters program is a coursework based degree.

Updated on September 10, 2026Author:NEXT IAS Contributors

Doctor of Philosophy or PhD is governed by the University Grants Commission (UGC) in India. It is the highest academic qualification awarded by the universities to any student. Phd usually takes about 3 to 6 years for its completion. The admissions in Phd are now preferring UGC NET score rather than individual university exams entrance tests.

India is witnessing a surge of above 40% in research and patent filing. India ranks 4th globally in doctoral graduations. Additionally, India has crossed more than 1 lakh patent applications on an annual basis. A PhD requires finding an area of study, conducting research on an identified problem and gaining new knowledge in the form of a thesis or dissertation.

Phd in India: Ratio, Research, Patent and Fellowship

The number of PhD students in India is relatively low, accounting for less than 0.5% of the overall students enrolled in PhD programs.
In addition, only a few institutions offer PhD programs in India. However, India has experienced an increase in research activities as well as a growth in patent filings and contributions from Indian citizens toward patent applications.
Some of the fellowship schemes offered by the government in order to encourage research at the doctoral level are UGC/CSIR JRF, DST-INSPIRE, ICSSR, DBT, ICMR, and Prime Minister’s Fellowship for Doctoral Research.

S.No.	Dimension	Important Indicator	Latest Figure
1	Gender ratio (PhD awards)	Male : Female among PhDs awarded	57 : 43 in 2021 It is improving from 63 : 37 in 2013
2	PhD enrolment (total)	Total PhD scholars enrolled	About 1.99 lakh in 2022 to 23 About 2.93 lakh in 2023 to 24.
3	PhD enrolment (gender split)	Male vs Female scholars	About 1.50 lakh males in 2023 to 24 About 1.42 lakh females Overall about 51% : 49% among male and females.
4	Research output (publications)	Annual research articles from India	About 34,000 in 2010 About 195,000 in 2024 About 320,000 in 2025
5	Share of S&T doctorates	Percentage of PhDs in Science & Technology	About 60% of all doctorates between 2018 to 2019.
6	Patents (HEIs & R&D)	Patent applications by Indian HEIs or R&D	Earlier, it included a small share of total Indian filings for patents. The majority of patents are still by non-residents.
7	Major PhD fellowships – UGC/CSIR JRF	Monthly stipend (JRF and SRF)	Rs. 37,000 per month for the first 2 years. Rs. 42,000 per month for JRF and next 3 years for SRF.
8	PMRF (Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship)	Monthly stipend	About Rs. 70,000 to 80,000 per month.
9	Other fellowships (ICMR, DBT and INSPIRE)	Monthly stipend	These are aligned with JRF or SRF norms which is about Rs. 37,000 to Rs. 42,000 per month.

Importance and Significance of Doctorate Degree

The doctorate degree creates highly trained researchers who are capable of introducing new concepts, resolving complicated issues, and pushing the innovative knowledge further.
The PhD involves investigation and analysis and is particularly important for academics, research centers, think tanks, laboratories, and policy based institutions.
The PhD scholars have contributed toward the innovation process through the development of theories, techniques, and interpretations in areas including science, social science, humanities, engineering, and management.
In India, the PhD research also contributes toward meeting national goals in education, public policy, healthcare, environment, technology, and governance through a better research environment.
This degree also holds great value and develops qualities such as perseverance, problem solving, communication and scholarly authority among others.
For some people, it provides the gateway into the field of teaching and research whereas for others, it adds weight to their positions in the fields of government service, industry, consultancy, publishing and international organizations.

S.No.	Pillar	What It Means
1	The Advisor or Guide	Your mentor helps you throughout the Phd journey.
2	Stipend	Research Fellowships are provided such as Junior Research Fellowship (JRF), Prime Minister's Research Fellowship (PMRF) or university Teaching/Research Assistantships (TA/RA).
3	Publications	Peer-reviewed journal articles or conference papers.

Career Opportunities after PhD

PhD graduates can find careers in academics, research, policy fields, and teaching at universities. It requires having a PhD degree to be appointed as a lecturer, assistant professor, and other academic posts.
Moreover, many PhD graduates find employment in various research organizations such as laboratories and libraries, among others.
Beyond academic circles, there are career prospects for doctoral graduates in areas such as policy analysis, public administration, international organizations, consultancy, publishing, scientific writing, and research departments in business organizations.
In science and technology disciplines, they can participate in innovation and product development and also play an important role in research and development.
In social sciences and humanities, they can assist in developing evidence-based policies, development studies, media studies, and heritage studies.
It is clear from the above discussion that a PhD degree is not restricted only to teaching.

PhD Eligibility and Admission Process

S. No.	Stage	Details
1	Basic eligibility	Usually a master's degree in the relevant subject from a recognised university. A minimum qualifying marks as prescribed by the institution.
2	Entrance test	Many universities require a PhD entrance examination to assess subject knowledge, and research aptitude.
3	Interview	The shortlisted candidates are called for an interview. The Interview discusses research interest, topic suitability, and their academic background.
4	Research proposal	The Phd applicants may need to submit a brief proposal. This proposal mentions the problems, objectives, scope, and method of study.
5	Coursework	The selected scholars usually complete mandatory coursework on research methods, academic writing, and subject-specific themes before beginning their research.
6	Supervisor allotment	A guide or supervisor is assigned to monitor the progress of scholars and help refine their research.
7	Registration	After fulfilling the basic university's formalities, the candidate is registered as a PhD scholar.
8	Thesis submission and defence	At the end of research, the scholar submits the thesis and appears for viva-voce or oral defence.