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आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण: भारत को उद्यमशील राज्य की ओर अग्रसर होना चाहिए

संदर्भ 

  • आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2025-26 ने मैरियाना माज़ुकाटो से एक पद उधार लिया है ताकि यह वर्णन किया जा सके कि भारतीय शासन को क्या बनना चाहिए: एक उद्यमशील राज्य ।

    • उद्यमशील राज्य क्या है?  

  • यह अनिश्चितता के बीच उद्यमशील नीति-निर्माण की ओर एक गहन परिवर्तन है: ऐसा राज्य जो निश्चितता आने से पहले कार्य कर सके, जोखिम को टालने के बजाय संरचित कर सके, प्रयोगों से व्यवस्थित रूप से सीख सके और बिना ठहराव के दिशा सुधार कर सके।
  • इसका अर्थ राज्य पूँजीवाद नहीं है, न ही यह सरकारी कार्यों के व्यावसायीकरण या निजी हितों को विशेषाधिकार देने का संकेत देता है।

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    News In Short 30-01-2026

    In News

  • The Economic Survey notes that Indian school exams focus on rote learning, and recommends a PISA-like assessment at Grade 10 to identify learning gaps and inform targeted interventions.

    • PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment)

  • PISA evaluates education systems by testing real-world application of knowledge—focusing on problem-solving, critical thinking, and practical literacy rather than rote memorization.
  • It is conducted every three years by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 
  • India participated only once (PISA 2009) through Tamil Nadu & Himachal Pradesh.

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    Swadeshi as a Disciplined Strategy

    Context

  • As per the Economic Survey 2025-26, Swadeshi is “inevitable and necessary” as the global trading environment is marked by export controls, technology denial regimes and carbon border mechanisms.

    • About

  • The Survey noted that, unlike corporates in post-war America, Germany, Japan, and East Asia, Indian firms show a relative lack of appetite for long-term risk absorption and nation-building investments.
  • It said Indian firms show limited willingness for long-term risk absorption and global competitiveness, relying more on regulatory arbitrage and protected margins than on productivity, scale, or learning.
  • Swadeshi means to ensure continuity of production in the face of external shocks, and a pathway to build enduring national capabilities that reinforce economic sovereignty. 

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    India-Arab League: Bridging Cultures, Creating Opportunities

    Context

  • India is set to host the 2nd ministerial summit of foreign ministers from the League of Arab States (Arab League), after a decade-long gap.

    • About

  • The meeting is an indicator of how India and Arab states intend to recalibrate their partnership in response to:
  • Disruptions in maritime trade routes.
  • Energy transition pressures.

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    Eco Survey Calls for Relaxing FRBM for Centre

    Context

  • The Economic Survey 2025-26 has argued in favour of a delay in strict fiscal targets for the Centre, such as those that had been set under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act.

    • Highlights of survey on Fiscal Targets

  • After spiking to 9.2% of GDP during the pandemic year of 2020-21, the Centre’s fiscal deficit was on target to be 4.4% at the end of the current financial year, in line with commitment to halve the FY21 fiscal deficit in five years.
  • India lowered its general government debt-to-GDP ratio by about 7.1 percentage points since 2020 while continuing to maintain high levels of public investment

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    Economic Survey 2025–26: Social Sector Paradox

    In News

  • The Economic Survey 2025–26 flags a social sector paradox in India: strong gains in health outcomes alongside stagnation or uneven progress in education quality and urban capacity.

    • What is the Social Sector Paradox?

  • The social sector paradox describes a scenario where surface-level metrics like enrolment rates or life expectancy rise, but underlying quality, learning outcomes, and service delivery capacities do not keep pace with population growth, economic needs, or urban expansion.

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    Rising Digital Addiction & Mental Health Issues

    Context

  • The Economic Survey 2025-26, has flagged the rapid rise of digital addiction and screen-related mental health problems as a major healthcare issue, particularly among children and adolescents.

    • Digital Addiction as an Emerging Public Health Issue

  • The Survey recognises excessive screen time and social media usage as contributors to anxiety, depression, attention disorders, sleep disruption, obesity, and lifestyle diseases.
  • Children and adolescents are identified as neurologically and psychologically more vulnerable to compulsive digital use due to addictive platform designs.
  • Behavioral tracking and targeted advertising exploit children’s cognitive vulnerabilities, reinforcing addictive consumption patterns.

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    Economic Survey First Time Cites Power Gap Index 

    In News

  • For the first time, the Economic Survey 2025–26, tabled in Parliament, has cited the Power Gap Index to underline a Strategic Paradox in India’s rise.

    • What is the Power Gap Index?

  • The Power Gap Index is not a standalone index like HDI.
  • It is a derived analytical measure from the Asia Power Index compiled annually by the Lowy Institute.
  • It measures the gap between a country’s potential power (resources) and its actual regional influence.

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