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Yearly Archives: 2025

Submarine Cables

Context

  • Undersea cable damage in the Red Sea has slowed internet access across several countries in Asia and the Middle East, including India.

    • What are Submarine Cables?

  • Definition: Submarine cables are fiber optic cables laid on the ocean floor, connecting two or more landing points across countries and continents.
  • India’s Role: India is a significant player in the global submarine cable network, with 17 international cables and 14 landing stations in cities like Mumbai and Chennai.
  • As of the end of 2022, the total lit capacity and activated capacity of these cables stood at 138.606 Tbps and 111.111 Tbps, respectively.
  • Significance: Submarine cables form the backbone of the global digital economy, carrying over 99% of international data exchange.

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    Aadhaar Should Be Treated as Valid Proof for SIR Exercise: Supreme Court

    Context

  • Recently, the Supreme Court has directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to accept Aadhaar as a valid identity document for the ongoing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar.

    • About Aadhaar

  • It was launched in 2009 and later given statutory backing through the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016, passed as a Money Bill in Parliament.
  • It empowered the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to issue 12-digit Aadhaar numbers and regulate its use for authentication and service delivery.
  • It captures biometric (fingerprints and iris scans) and demographic data to create a unique identity for each resident.
  • Aadhaar has been issued to over 1.3 billion residents, making it the world’s largest biometric ID system, as of 2025.

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    Special Bulletin on Maternal Mortality in India 2021-23

    Context

  • The Government of India released the Special Bulletin on Maternal Mortality in India 2021–23, prepared by the Office of the Registrar General of India (ORGI), Ministry of Home Affairs under the Sample Registration System (SRS). 

    • About

  • The report shows a Stable Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of 88 per 1,00,000 live births for the period 2021–23.
  • Categorization of States: States are categorized as “Empowered Action Group” (EAG), “Southern,” and “Other” for analyzing regional trends.

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    Need of Underwater Domain Awareness Amid Red Sea Cable Disruption

    Context

  • Recent disruptions in submarine communication cables in the Red Sea, highlights India’s urgent need to strengthen its Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA), the ability to monitor, detect, and assess activities beneath oceans and seas.

    • Why is UDA Critical for India?

  • National Security and Regional Stability: China’s “Underwater Great Wall” project, involving seabed sensors and unmanned vehicles, has enhanced surveillance in the Indo-Pacific.
  • The growing Chinese submarine presence in the Indian Ocean threatens India’s security calculus.
  • Protection of Critical Infrastructure: Submarine fibre-optic cables carry most of India’s international data, including financial transactions, cloud services, and defence communications.
  • These cables are vulnerable to sabotage, accidents, and natural disasters.

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    BRICS Virtual Summit

    Context

  • Recently, a virtual BRICS Summit was held against the backdrop of increasing global concerns over U.S tariff tussle.

    • India’s Stand During the Summit

  • India strongly believes that the international trading system’s foundational principles of non-discriminatory and rules-based norms must be protected and that there is a need to create more resilient and reliable supply chains.
  • Constructive and cooperative approaches are needed by the world to promote sustainable trade.

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    India-Israel Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA)

    Context

  • India and Israel signed a Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA).

    • About

  • Israel has become the first OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) member state to sign an investment pact under India’s new model treaty framework.
  • The BIA replaces the earlier investment treaty signed in 1996, which was terminated in 2017 as part of India’s policy overhaul on such agreements. 
  • The Agreement will increase bilateral investments, which presently stands at a total of USD 800 million.
  • The new agreement provides protection for investors while promoting cross-border investments in key sectors: innovation, infrastructure development, financial regulation, and digital services.

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    Iran-India: Ancient Civilisations and New Horizons

    The world is undergoing a transformation marked by the dominance of the Western-led international order, particularly the US, which traditionally wielded global influence through control over financial systems, science, technology, and media. 

    संक्षिप्त समाचार 09-09-2025

    संदर्भ

  • असम के बोडोलैंड प्रादेशिक क्षेत्र (BTR) सरकार ने हाल ही में क्षेत्र की सभी 26 समुदायों की सांस्कृतिक कलाकृतियों के GI टैग पंजीकरण की दिशा में एक विशेष अभियान शुरू किया है।

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    पनडुब्बी/सबमरीन केबल

    संदर्भ

  • रेड सी में पनडुब्बी केबल को हुई हानि के कारण एशिया और मध्य पूर्व के कई देशों, जिनमें भारत भी शामिल है, में इंटरनेट की गति धीमी हो गई है।

    • पनडुब्बी केबल क्या हैं?

  • परिभाषा: पनडुब्बी केबल फाइबर ऑप्टिक केबल होती हैं जो समुद्र तल पर बिछाई जाती हैं और देशों व महाद्वीपों के बीच दो या अधिक लैंडिंग पॉइंट्स को जोड़ती हैं।
  • भारत की भूमिका: भारत वैश्विक पनडुब्बी केबल नेटवर्क में एक प्रमुख भागीदार है, जिसके पास 17 अंतरराष्ट्रीय केबल और मुंबई तथा चेन्नई जैसे शहरों में 14 लैंडिंग स्टेशन हैं।
  • 2022 के अंत तक इन केबलों की कुल लिट क्षमता 138.606 टेराबिट्स प्रति सेकंड (Tbps) और सक्रिय क्षमता 111.111 Tbps थी।
  • महत्व: पनडुब्बी केबल वैश्विक डिजिटल अर्थव्यवस्था की रीढ़ हैं, जो 99% से अधिक अंतरराष्ट्रीय डेटा विनिमय को वहन करती हैं।

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