Acid Rain: Meaning, Causes and Impacts

Acid Rain is a significant environmental issue that has garnered attention for its detrimental impacts on ecosystems, human health, and infrastructure. As a key topic in environmental science and policy discussions, understanding it is crucial for environmental conservation and sustainable development. This article aims to study acid rain in detail, including its meaning, causes, processes involved, impacts, and related concepts such as acid deposition.

Rain is naturally acidic, but acid gases make it even more acidic. Acid rain has a pH value of less than 7 on the pH scale.

Sources of Acid Rain

Acid rain results from polluting gases like Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Formic acid, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Methane, and Chlorine, as well as Phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.

Compounds	Natural Sources	Anthropogenic Sources
Sulphur Dioxide	Volcanoes, Oceans, Decomposition of organic matter	Fossil fuel burning, Industrial processes, Thermal power plants based on coal.
Nitrogen Oxides	Volcanoes, Lightening, Decomposition of organic matter, Forest fires	Fossil fuel burning, Power plants based on coal, Biomass burning
Formic Acid	Forest fires	Biomass burning
Carbon Dioxide	Respiration, Decomposition	Fossil fuel burning, Industrial processes
Carbon Monoxide	Isoprene emissions by plants	Biomass burning, Industrial sources

Chemistry

• As a result of both natural and anthropogenic activities, the concentration of sulphur and nitrogen increases in the air.
  • These are present in the air as Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide.
• In drier regions, some of this is deposited in the form of dry deposits.
• Both sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are acidic oxides and react with water to form acids.
  • Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphurous acid.
    • Substances in the upper atmosphere then catalyse the reaction between sulphurous acid and oxygen to form sulphuric acid.
  • Similarly, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form a mixture of nitric acid and nitrous acid.
• Both sulphuric acid and nitric acid are soluble in water and are the major acids present in acid rain. They come down as Acid Rain.

Causes of Acid Rain

• Acid rain is primarily caused by releasing sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) into the atmosphere, which reacts with water vapour and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids.
• These pollutants are mainly produced by burning fossil fuels in power plants, factories, and vehicles.
• Volcanic eruptions and wildfires can also contribute to the release of these gases.
• Once formed, acid rain falls to the ground, damaging ecosystems, soil, water bodies, and buildings and posing risks to human health and the environment.

Effects of Acid rain 

Effects of Acid Rain Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution and the environment and mankind suffer squarely from its serious effects. It causes acidification of lakes and streams and damages trees and soils. It accelerates decay of building materials, paint, statues and sculptures and contributes to visibility degradation and adverse health effects. Major effects of acid rain are as follows: 

• It damages leaves and needles, inhibits plant germination and reproduction. It depletes supplies of nutrients from soil, thus affecting the growth of trees. 
• The acid rain leaches calcium and magnesium from forest soils. These minerals are essential for plant growth and help in buffering or neutralizing acids. If the soil chemistry is changed this way it will take much longer time to recover. Trees exposed to acid rain find difficulty in withstanding droughts, diseases, insects, pests and cold weather etc. 
• The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in the aquatic environment. The acid rain may reduce fish population, completely eliminate fish species from the water body and decrease biodiversity. Acid rain affects the planktonic life of the waterbody. Many sensitive marine species disappear and the ones that survive in acidic water suffer stresses in a number of ways. 
• The acid rain affects and damages the automotive paint and other coatings. This damage is usually permanent and requires repaint. The acid rain causes visibility reduction problems. The SO2 and NOx emissions contribute to visibility impairment thus one can not see as far or as clearly through the air. The sulphate compounds account most for this problem. 
• The acid rain contributes to the corrosion of metals and deterioration of stone, i.e. marble, limestone etc., thus reducing their value. Dry deposition of acidic compounds can increase the maintenance cost of buildings and materials. 
• The acid rain, and the pollutants (SO2, NOx) that cause acid rain, affects human health too. These gases form fine sulfate and nitrate particles which are transported to long distance and are inhaled by human beings causing problems of bronchitis, asthma, heart and lung disorders etc. 

Types of Acid Deposition

The types of acid deposition in the air depend upon the moisture content in the atmosphere. Based on the moisture content, acid deposition can be classified as:

Wet Deposition

• Acidic deposition is in the regions where atmospheric conditions are wet.
• These acidic elements in the air fall to the ground in precipitations like rain, fog, mist, or snow.
• Wet deposition forms, such as acid rain, are common in regions with high moisture levels.
• This type of acid deposition is common in the east margins of tropical regions, west margins of temperate regions, and polar regions of the earth, with a high concentration of pollution sources.

Dry Deposition

• Acidic deposition in the regions where atmospheric conditions are dry.
• These acidic elements in the air fall to the ground with the wind and are mixed with aerosols.
• For example, dust particles, smoke, pollen grains, salt particles, etc, act as the locus for acid deposition in dry areas.
• These acidic elements settle on the ground along with aerosols, which are then washed out by the rain during the rainy season.
• This type of acid deposition is common in the west margins of Tropical Areas and the east margins of Temperate areas where there is a concentration of pollution sources.

Impacts

The multi-faceted impacts of Acid Rain can be seen as follows:

• On Soil
  • Leaching occurs when acid rain deposition adds hydrogen ions to the soil.
  • This displacement of important nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and potassium pushes the nutrients deeper into the soil, making it difficult for plant roots to get them and making the soil infertile.
  • It affects respiration by the soil organisms.
  • As the nutrients become scarce in the soil, it also impacts the decomposition rate.
  • If acid rain falls on alkaline soil, the acid becomes neutral, so the plants are not hugely affected. However, if the soil is slightly acidic, it can be disastrous.
• On Vegetation
  • Acid rain reduces the photosynthesis rate in plants. This affects their growth rate.
  • The abnormal growth rate has various impacts, such as discolouration, a decline in biomass, early ageing, and tree death.
  • Moreover, the absorption of acidic ions from the soil affects plant metabolism.
• On Microorganisms
  • Microorganisms have a very limited range of pH in which they can survive. Any change in this pH affects their number in any environment. As most microorganisms, like bacteria and protozoa, except fungi, thrive in an environment with near-neutral pH, acid rain has a severe impact on the population of microorganisms.
  • Acid rain changes the area from bacteria-dominated to fungi-dominated. This increases fungal diseases and reduces the decomposition rate of organic material in the soil.
• On Aquatic Life
  • The pH value is an important determinant of metabolic processes in aquatic regions. The eggs or sperms of fish, frogs and other aquatic organisms are very sensitive to pH change. Acid rain kills their gametes, affecting their life cycles and productivity.
  • This, in turn, impacts the food chain in the aquatic environment, causing ecological imbalance. Further, acid rain kills plankton, a primary producer in the aquatic food chain. This makes water bodies lifeless, as fish die because of the lack of food. This impacts the livelihood of fishermen.
• On Terrestrial Life
  • Acid rain affects the photosynthesis rate in plants. Plants are the primary food source in terrestrial ecosystems, affecting the food chain. Thus, there is a threat to the population of terrestrial animals because of acid rain, but this is an indirect threat.
• On Humans
  • Acid rain looks, feels, and tastes just like clean rain. Its harm to people is not direct, however, as it does not have an acidic pH to burn human skin.
  • The air pollution that causes acid rain is more damaging to human health. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the major sources of acid rain, can irritate or even damage our lungs, reduce visibility, and cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
  • Moreover, sulphur dioxide particles in the air can cause chronic lung problems like asthma and bronchitis. Additionally, the nitrogen oxides that create acid rain promote the formation of ground-level ozone, which is harmful.
  • Further, acid rain impacts water resources and food chains, of which humans are part. Thus, acid rain can cause food poisoning.
• On Buildings and Monuments
  • Many old, historic, ancient buildings and works of art/textiles, etc., are adversely affected by acid rain. Acid rain destroys limestone and marble. Smoke and soot cover such objects. Acid fumes in the air slowly dissolve/flake away the surfaces. Many buildings/monuments, such as the Taj Mahal in Agra, have suffered from acid rain.

Measures to Control Acid Rain

Any measure that controls the emission of pollutants like sulphur and nitrogen oxides will help reduce acid rain. Accordingly, the following are some of the control measures:

• Cleaner Fuels: Use low sulphur fuel, natural gas or washed coal in thermal power plants.
• Scrubbers: In power plants, attaching devices known as ‘scrubbers’ are used in the chimneys.
  • These scrubbers reduce the sulphur produced in the smoke by 90 – 95%.

• Catalytic Converters: Fitting catalytic converters into vehicles’ exhaust pipes also reduces the amount of sulphur dioxide produced by the vehicles.
• Shift to Renewable Energy: Alternate energy sources like tidal, wind, hydropower, etc, can reduce the emission of harmful gases.
• Other Measures: Other measures to control Acid Rain can include:
  • Add neutralising agents like lime to increase the pH value of the water.
  • Shift towards better emission standards.
  • Industries must regularly inspect and clean all their emission equipment, chimneys and pipes.
  • A widespread and nationwide effort must be made to make people aware.

Conclusion

Acid rain is a complex environmental issue with far-reaching effects on ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health. It can become an environmental hazard or disaster in the industrialised world, and hence, strong measures must be taken to prevent it. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive approach involving regulation, technological innovation, international collaboration, and public engagement.

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