On India-United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

Syllabus: GS2/ International Relation

In Context

• India and the United Kingdom signed the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), marking a watershed moment in bilateral relations and economic diplomacy. CETA emerges as India’s first free trade pact with a G7 nation and the UK’s most ambitious trade agreement outside Europe.

Key Dimensions of the Agreement

• Trade in Goods:
  • Tariff Elimination: CETA removes tariffs on 99% of Indian exports to the UK, spanning textiles, gems and jewellery, marine products, leather, sports goods, toys, auto parts, and more. UK tariffs for Indian goods, previously averaging 15%, will drop to 3%, while India will eliminate or reduce tariffs on 90% of UK products, with critical exclusions for sensitive agricultural items.
• Trade in Services & Professional Mobility: 
  • Greater Market Access: The pact expands opportunities in IT and IT-enabled services, financial/legal services, edutech, and digital trade.
  • Labour Mobility: The Double Contribution Convention (DCC) exempts Indian professionals and their employers from UK social security payments for up to three years, boosting Indian talent competitiveness.
  • Simplified Visas: Eased norms and more liberal entry for professionals — engineers, chefs, architects, yoga instructors, musicians, etc.
• Investment and Innovation:
  • Boost to FDI: Provisions incentivize UK investment in Indian manufacturing, startups, MSMEs, and critical technologies. Sectors like fintech, clean energy, AI, and supply chain management are key targets.
  • Technology Transfer: Streamlined IPR, R&D collaboration, and joint projects in fields like AI, semiconductors, and cybersecurity.
• Non-Tariff Barriers and Regulatory Cooperation:
  • Customs and Logistics: Eased paperwork, predictable customs, and harmonized standards reduce transaction costs, benefitting SMEs.
  • Sanitary/Phytosanitary (SPS) Provisions: These facilitate Indian agri and marine exports by aligning product standards and certifications
• Inclusive and Sustainable Development:
  • MSMEs & Startups: Dedicated chapters to connect MSMEs with global value chains, encourage sustainable practices, and promote women/youth entrepreneurship.
  • Rural and Social Uplift: Expanded duty-free access for labour-intensive sectors, agri-produce, and handicrafts directly benefits farmers, artisans, and rural communities.
  • Environmental Safeguards: Joint commitments for green tech, carbon reduction, and sustainable trade.

Benefits

• Boost to Bilateral Trade: The deal covers 99% of tariff lines—India gets duty-free access to key UK markets in textiles, pharmaceuticals, leather, gems & jewellery, marine products, etc.
  • Trade is expected to double from $56 billion to over $100 billion by 2030.
• MSME Upliftment: The agreement is a goldmine for MSMEs, especially in sectors like handicrafts, garments, engineering goods.
  • Streamlined customs, simplified origin rules, and lower compliance burden = better ease of doing business.
• Services Sector Expansion: India’s IT and ITeS giants gain wider access to UK markets.
• Professional mobility: Pathways for youth, healthcare workers, chefs, engineers, etc. Mutual recognition of qualifications helps Indian professionals integrate faster.
• Strategic Hedge Against China: For the UK, this is part of a pivot away from overdependence on China. For India, it bolsters its ‘Make in India for the World’ push and Global South leadership narrative.

• Tariff Gains on High-Value Imports: UK automobiles and Scotch whisky will now enter India with reduced tariffs—up to 80–90% reduction under quotas, improving consumer access while boosting revenue through volume.
• Technology & Sustainability: Opportunities for collaboration on green tech, digital infrastructure, AI, and climate finance. Green goods and services receive special treatment under the “sustainable trade” clause.
• Geopolitical Partnership: CETA is part of the India–UK Vision 2035, a broader strategic roadmap covering trade, technology, climate, security, and people-to-people ties.

Challenges of India-UK CETA

• Agriculture Sensitivities: India has excluded or delayed liberalisation on sensitive items like dairy, grains, poultry, etc.
  • Sudden UK access to Indian markets could undercut rural livelihoods and violate food sovereignty.
• Non-Tariff Barriers & Complex Compliance: Sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) in the UK remain high—MSMEs may still struggle with certification.
  • Data protection norms, IPR enforcement, and digital taxation clauses might tilt favourably for UK firms.
• Mobility vs. Migration Politics: While India pushed for liberal visa quotas, UK’s domestic politics could limit actual implementation.
  • Issues around visa caps, student/work quotas, and post-Brexit immigration fears may become sticking points.
• Trade Deficit Worries: There’s potential for a widening trade deficit if UK exports surge (luxury cars, machinery, medical devices) while Indian exports remain volume-based and low-margin.
• Global Economic Risks: Global economic uncertainties such as geopolitical tensions, protectionist tendencies, and technological disruptions may affect trade flows and investment confidence.

Way Ahead

• Effective Implementation and Monitoring: Establish joint India-UK CETA secretariats to monitor progress, resolve disputes, and adapt policies dynamically.
  • Involve Indian states and local bodies to ensure that benefits reach grassroots-exporting enterprises and farmers.
• Capacity Building and Skill Development: Promote upskilling in digital literacy, export quality standards, and language proficiency for professionals and MSMEs.
  • Facilitate targeted export financing, mentorship, and market intelligence services for small businesses.
• Inclusive and Sustainable Growth: Design social safety nets and transition support for sectors adjusting to new competition.
  • Enhance support for women and youth entrepreneurs through incubation centers, financial incentives, and participation platforms.
• Strengthen Strategic Partnership: Leverage the India-UK Vision 2035 framework to expand collaboration beyond trade into technology, climate action, education, and defense.
  • Invest jointly in R&D, green energy, and innovation ecosystems for mutual long-term growth.
• Replicable Model for Future Trade Deals: Use the India-UK CETA as a model for FTAs with the EU, US, and East Asian countries by emphasizing inclusivity, innovation, balance, and sustainability.
  • Incorporate mechanisms for regular review and adjustment to keep pace with economic changes and to enhance trade relations.

Source: TH