India-China: 75th Anniversary of Diplomatic Ties

Syllabus: GS2/International Relations; India and its Neighbour

Context

In a significant development, India and China have announced the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra this summer, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of their diplomatic ties.

Early Diplomatic Engagements: India was among the first countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China in 1950, formally establishing diplomatic ties on April 1, 1950.
- It was initially characterized by mutual goodwill, embodied in the slogan ‘Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai’ (India and China are brothers).
Key Milestones in Bilateral Relations:
- Panchsheel Agreement (1954): The five principles of peaceful coexistence laid a foundation for diplomatic engagement.
- Sino-Indian War (1962): This conflict over border disputes severely damaged relations.
- Normalization Efforts (1988-1993): Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s 1988 visit to China marked a thaw, leading to agreements on peace and tranquility along the border.
- Bilateral Trade Boom (2000s): Economic engagement surged, making China one of India’s largest trading partners.
- Border Clashes and Standoffs (2017 & 2020): The Doklam standoff (2017) and Galwan Valley clashes (2020) created fresh tensions.
- Recent Diplomatic Talks (2023-2024): Efforts have been made to manage differences through diplomatic channels.

Foreign Secretary’s Visit to China (2025):
- Border stability: Both nations agreed to maintain peace along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Economic cooperation: Trade and investment discussions took center stage.
- People-to-people exchanges: Resumption of cultural programs and educational collaborations was discussed.
China’s Emphasis on Stable Ties: During these talks, China highlighted the importance of ‘handling differences constructively’ to maintain stable bilateral relations. The Chinese Foreign Ministry emphasized that both sides should work toward de-escalation along the LAC.
Restoration of Direct Air Connectivity: India and China agree to resume direct flight services after five years. It is expected to enhance people-to-people exchanges and promote mutual understanding.

Border Disputes: Despite diplomatic engagements, unresolved border disputes in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh continue to be a major irritant. The 2020 Galwan clashes remain a stark reminder of the volatility along the LAC.
Trade Deficit: While bilateral trade crossed $125 billion in 2024, marking a 1.9% year-on-year increase, India’s trade deficit with China remains a concern.
- India seeks better market access for its IT and pharmaceutical sectors in China.
Regional & Global Rivalry: India’s growing ties with the QUAD alliance (US, Japan, Australia) are viewed with suspicion by Beijing.
- China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) conflicts with India’s vision of regional connectivity, particularly in South Asia.

Strengthening Economic Ties: Both countries can benefit from deeper engagement in sectors such as renewable energy, digital technology, and infrastructure development.
- Trade agreements addressing the imbalance can foster stronger economic bonds.
Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Encouraging student exchanges, tourism, and academic collaboration can improve people-to-people relations.
Diplomatic and Military Dialogue: Sustained military and diplomatic talks are crucial for preventing conflicts.
- Confidence-building measures (CBMs) along the border can enhance trust.

As India and China mark 75 years of diplomatic ties, their relationship remains a mix of cooperation and competition.
While border tensions and trade issues pose challenges, economic collaboration and diplomatic engagement offer opportunities.
The future of India-China relations will depend on how both nations balance strategic competition with economic and cultural engagement.

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