Supreme Court Verdict on Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)

Syllabus: GS3/Environment

Context

• The Supreme Court held that projects with a built-up area above 20,000 square meters, whether industrial, educational, or otherwise, cannot be exempted from the environment impact assessment (EIA) 2006 regime.

About

• The SC reaffirmed that the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and the State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) would remain the competent authorities for conducting project-level environmental assessments.

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)

• EIA can be defined as the study to predict the effect of a proposed activity/project on the environment. 
• EIA systematically examines both beneficial and adverse consequences of the project and ensures that these effects are taken into account during project design.
  • It also proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects. 
• Significance: Protection of environment, optimum utilisation of resources and saving of time and cost of the project.
  • It also lessens conflicts by promoting community participation, informing decision makers, and helping lay the base for environmentally sound projects. 

EIA in India

• 1994: The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF), under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, made Environmental Clearance (EC) mandatory. 
• EIA 2006 Regime: It is the governing legal instrument to grant green clearance for establishment or expansion of an industry on the basis of the expected environmental impact of the project.
  • It made it mandatory for various projects such as mining, thermal power plants, river valley, infrastructure and industries to get environment clearance. 
  • However, unlike the EIA Notification of 1994, the new legislation has put the onus of clearing projects on the state government depending on the size/capacity of the project.

Legal and Institutional Framework

• EIA Notifications: Issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) using powers under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986.
• Institutional Authorities:
  • Central Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC): For Category A projects (national level).
  • State Expert Appraisal Committees (SEACs): For Category B projects (state level).
  • State Environment Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs): Grant environmental clearance at state level.
• Categorisation of Projects
  • Category A: National-level projects with significant impacts (e.g., large dams, major highways).
  • Category B1: Moderately sized projects with regional impact.
  • Category B2: Small-scale projects with less impact.

Concerns

• One positive of the 2006 EIA notification is its dynamism to accommodate changes in its provisions and processes as per the requirement of the changing times.
  • However, this characteristic of the legal instrument seems to have been exploited.
• Over 110 changes were made in just 5 years — most of them without public consultation.

• This flexibility has been misused and industries get approvals — even if they pollute or harm the environment.

Suggestions

• Create an independent EIA authority to avoid conflict of interest.
• Strengthen public consultation, especially in local languages.
• Ensure scientific and transparent baseline data.
• Regularly update the list of exempted projects based on environmental concerns.

Source: HT