Syllabus: GS3/Space/Science and Technology
Context
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently successfully conducted the Power Head Test Article (PHTA) on a semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000).
Power Head Test Article (PHTA)
- Purpose of PHTA: Validates the integrated performance of critical subsystems, including: Gas generator, Turbo pumps, Pre-burner, Control components.
- Significance of PHTA: Essential for the development of ISRO’s semi-cryogenic engine.
Cryogenic Stage in Launch Vehicles
- A cryogenic engine/cryogenic stage is the last stage of space launch vehicles which makes use of cryogenics to store its fuel and oxidiser as liquids instead of gas.
- In space, there is a lack of air, including oxygen, which means it is impossible to burn anything.
- To fix this, rockets carry their own oxygen, known as an oxidiser, mixed with fuel to burn it in space.
| Cryogenics – Cryogenics is the study of materials and processes at extremely low temperatures, typically below -150°C. – It primarily involves the use of cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen (LN2), liquid oxygen (LOX), and liquid hydrogen (LH2). – Applications in Various Fields: Space, Medical, Food Preservation, Industrial gases, Superconductivity etc. |
Semi-cryogenic Engine
- Propellants: Liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene, making them safer and less toxic than cryogenic engines using liquid hydrogen.
- Thrust: Offer enhanced thrust of 2,000 kiloNewtons (kN).
- Payload Capacity: Semi-cryogenic engines increase payload capacity of launch vehicles due to the use of lighter fuel (kerosene).
Difference between Cryogenic and Semi-cryogenic Engine
| Feature | Cryogenic Engine | Semi-Cryogenic Engine |
|---|---|---|
| Propellants | Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2). | Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Kerosene. |
| Storage Temperature | LH2 requires -253°C storage. | Kerosene can be stored at normal temperatures. |
| Thrust | Higher specific impulse, less dense. | Higher density impulse, more thrust per volume. |
| Complexity | More complex to handle and store. | Easier to handle and store. |
| Reusability | Lower reusability potential | Higher reusability potential due to simpler components. |
Next Generation Launch Vehicle
- The development of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) for the Gaganyaan missions is on track.
- It is a human-rated launch vehicle with high payload capability and reusability.
- It features a reusable first stage and can carry up to 30 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
- The first and second stages of NGLV will use LOX engines, with a cryogenic upper stage.
- ISRO has successfully tested the recovery of the first stage of the NGLV.
Source: IE
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