Syllabus: GS3/Environment; Climate Change
Context
- The growth-driven model of development, rooted in the Industrial Revolution, has already pushed planetary boundaries beyond safe limits.
- There is a need to decouple economic growth from environmental harm, and nations need to expand their economies while reducing ecological footprints.
About Carbon Market
- A carbon market allows entities to buy and sell carbon credits—each representing a ton of carbon dioxide reduced or removed from the atmosphere.
- It creates financial incentives for industries to reduce emissions and invest in cleaner technologies.
- It signifies a certified reduction or removal of greenhouse gases, measured in CO₂-equivalents, generated through activities like renewable energy projects, reforestation, agroforestry, or biochar production.
- These credits can be bought by firms to offset emissions as they transition toward cleaner operations.
- Globally, around 175–180 million credits are retired annually, mostly from renewable and nature-based projects.
India and Carbon Market
- India’s carbon market is being developed under the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), enabled by the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022.
- It includes both compliance and voluntary mechanisms, aligning with global standards under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
Institutional Framework
- National Designated Authority (MoEF&CC): It is a 21-member body, which aims to oversee the market’s governance. It ensures transparency, accountability, and alignment with international climate commitments.
- Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): It plays a key role in operationalizing the market, setting emission intensity targets and monitoring compliance.
- India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS): It aims to set emission-intensity benchmarks for energy-intensive sectors while enabling voluntary offsets.
- A national registry and trading platform aim to oversee transactions, supported by draft methodologies for biomass, compressed biogas, and low-emission rice cultivation.
Key Features of India’s Carbon Market
- Emission Intensity Targets: Legally binding targets have been set for most of the industrial units across sectors like aluminium, cement, pulp and paper, and chlor-alkali.
- Sectoral Coverage: The market initially covers eight carbon-intensive sectors, including iron and steel, petrochemicals, and textiles.
- Trading Mechanism: Entities that exceed their emission reduction targets can sell surplus credits to those falling short, promoting cost-effective decarbonization.
- Global Alignment: India’s updated NDCs aim to reduce emission intensity by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.
- The carbon market is a cornerstone of this strategy, helping India meet its climate goals while supporting economic growth.
Challenges and Safeguards
- Land Rights and Consent: Many carbon offset projects rely on land use changes, such as afforestation or soil carbon sequestration.
- These projects risk dispossession and exploitation, without securing land rights and informed consent from local communities
- The CCTS framework has limited attention to land rights and revenue equity.
- Benefit Sharing: Carbon revenues need to be equitably distributed. Marginalized groups, especially smallholder farmers and tribal communities, should not be left out of the financial gains.
- Transparency and Accountability: Past global experiences show that opaque carbon markets can lead to greenwashing, where companies claim environmental benefits without real impact.
- Risk of Exploitation: Carbon projects risk exploitation when information asymmetry and power imbalance prevail. In India, farmers and tribal groups often lack awareness or bargaining power, leading to opaque contracts and unfair benefit-sharing.
- Environmental Integrity: Projects need to genuinely reduce emissions, not just shift them elsewhere. This requires rigorous monitoring, verification, and enforcement.
Case Study
- The Kenyan experience of the carbon project serves as a critical warning: if land rights, consent, and equitable distribution are ignored, India’s carbon market could reproduce extractive patterns under a green veneer.
- Projects involving afforestation, reforestation, or agricultural offsets often intersect with customary land use.
- These initiatives may disrupt grazing, fuelwood access, and livelihoods, particularly for tribal and marginalized communities without robust consent and benefit-sharing.
Toward Fair and Transparent Carbon Markets
- Overregulation may stifle innovation, but weak regulation invites exploitation. The solution lies in a balanced, transparent, and adaptive regulatory architecture that:
- Guarantees transparency and accountability;
- Formalises benefit-sharing mechanisms;
- Embeds free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) and land rights protection;
- Encourages stakeholder consultation and community oversight.
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems need to be robust to prevent greenwashing and false claims.
- Such reforms would not only build trust and integrity in carbon markets but also ensure that climate action advances justice, not inequality.
Conclusion
- Sustainability cannot be built on exclusion. The next phase of climate action needs to go beyond emissions accounting to include social safeguards and community empowerment.
- For countries like India, the challenge and opportunity lies in designing carbon markets that uplift the vulnerable people while protecting the planet.
| Daily Mains Practice Question [Q] Discuss the importance of implementing ethical safeguards in India’s carbon market. How can these safeguards contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable future for marginalized communities and the environment? |
