World Trade War: Why Hasn’t This Risk Raised an Alarm So Far?

Syllabus: GS2/International Relation; GS3/Economy

Context

• As the global trade landscape undergoes seismic shifts and the President of the United States reintroduces aggressive tariffs — some reaching as high as 50% (framed as ‘reciprocal tariffs’) — the world has responded with strategic restraint.

Recent Tariffs by US

• Nearly all U.S. trading partners now face tariffs between 10% and 50%, with Asian countries averaging 22.1%.
• Countries like India face a 25% rate, plus potential penalties for trading with Russia.
• Only China and Canada have retaliated. Most others have opted to negotiate or comply to preserve access to the US market, despite these provocations.

Strategic Motives Behind the Tariffs

• Reciprocity and Trade Deficit Reduction: USA has long criticized what it sees as unfair trade practices by US partners, including India, which he labeled the ‘Tariff King’.
  • The tariffs are framed as ‘reciprocal’, aiming to match or exceed the duties imposed by other countries on US goods.
  • The broader goal is to narrow America’s trade deficit, especially with countries like India, China, and Brazil.
• Pressure Tactics for Bilateral Trade Deals: The US is using tariffs as leverage to push countries into bilateral trade agreements that favor American interests.
  • US moves are seen as part of a broader effort to reshape global trade from multilateralism to transactional bilateralism.
• Geopolitical Signaling: The US is asserting its geopolitical stance and pressuring allies to align with its foreign policy by penalizing countries that maintain energy or defense ties with Russia.
• Domestic Political Messaging: The tariffs serve as a domestic political tool, reinforcing Trump’s ‘America First’ narrative and appealing to voters concerned about job losses and manufacturing decline.
• Strategic Realignment of Global Supply Chains: The US is encouraging companies to shift supply chains away from China and other adversarial economies, with India caught in the crossfire due to its mixed strategic alignment.
  • Tariffs are being used to incentivize reshoring and reduce dependence on foreign suppliers in critical sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals, and defense.

Global Response & Impacts

• The World Trade Organization (WTO) has warned that these tariffs could lead to a 1.5% contraction in global merchandise trade in 2025.
  • The WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism remains dysfunctional, leaving countries with limited recourse to challenge US actions.
• Some countries, including South Korea and the EU, have signed deals to lock in lower tariff rates and commit to U.S. investments.
  • India has called the tariffs ‘unfair and unjustified’, but has not retaliated.
• Economic Fallout: Global supply chains are being reconfigured, with disruptions in sectors like pharmaceuticals, electronics, and agriculture.
  • The S&P 500 saw a sharp decline, losing over $5 trillion in market value in just days.
  • The IMF and WTO have revised global growth forecasts downward.

Strategic Silence: Why the World Isn’t Panicking?

• Fear of Escalation: Retaliation risks further tariff hikes and potential exclusion from the US market.
  • Many countries have made concessions, such as lowering tariffs on US goods or reforming domestic regulations, to avoid confrontation.
• WTO Paralysis: WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism is effectively defunct due to the U.S. blocking judge appointments since 2019.
  • It means countries cannot enforce rulings against the US, undermining the global trade rulebook.
• Economic Warning Signs: The IMF projects global growth to fall to 2.8% in 2025, down from 3.3%.
  • The WTO warns that merchandise trade could shrink by 0.2%, nearly three percentage points lower than it would have been without recent policy shifts.
  • Services trade is also expected to grow 4% slower than initial forecasts.
• Geopolitical Dependence: Many of America’s traditional allies in Europe and Asia rely on the US for security.
  • NATO, for instance, has long allowed EU countries to prioritize welfare spending over defense. Trump’s push for higher NATO spending (2% of GDP, rising to 5% by 2035) heightened awareness of this dependency.
• Deep Integration of Global Supply Chains:. Today’s trade networks are interdependent, unlike the early 20th century. Many nations understand that raising import tariffs would increase costs for domestic consumers; disrupt access to foreign inputs; and weaken competitiveness of local firms.
  • As a result, economic pragmatism appears to have prevailed over mercantilist retaliation.
• Legacy of Globalization: The post-1991 global order, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of free-market capitalism, has fostered widespread prosperity through liberalized trade.
  • Nations like China emerged as major beneficiaries, integrating deeply into global markets.
  • Even if institutions like the WTO are imperfect, they have helped moderate trade tensions.

Conclusion

• The world avoided a repeat of 1930s-style protectionism, despite Trump’s disruptive tactics. The absence of broad retaliation reflects a mature understanding of mutual gains from trade, even in geopolitically fraught times.

Source: Live Mint