NITI Aayog Report on Quantum Computing

Syllabus: GS3/ Science and Technology

Context

• NITI Aayog’s Frontier Tech Hub (NITI-FTH) highlights the potential of quantum computing for economic growth and national security and global competitiveness.

What is Quantum Technology?

• Quantum technology is a rapidly advancing field that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to develop new technologies with unprecedented capabilities.
  • Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of particles at the quantum level, where classical physics no longer applies. 
• Quantum computing uses ‘qubit’ (or quantum bit) as its fundamental unit.
• This technology exploits the principles of quantum mechanics, which include superposition, quantum entanglement, and interference.
  • Superposition refers to the ability of these particles to exist in multiple locations simultaneously.

Domains of Quantum Technologies

• Quantum communication: It applies the properties of quantum physics to provide better security and improved long-distance communications.
• Quantum simulation: It refers to the use of a quantum system to simulate the behavior of another quantum system. 
• Quantum computation: It is a field of computing that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to perform certain types of calculations more efficiently than classical computers.
• Quantum sensing and metrology: It leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve highly precise measurements. 

Role of Quantum computing in reshaping National Security

• Cybersecurity and Cryptography: The technology could break traditional encryption methods, threatening sensitive government and financial data. India must accelerate its transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).
• Intelligence Gathering: Quantum computing will enhance intelligence-gathering capabilities, enabling nations to decode encrypted communications swiftly.
• Defense Applications: Quantum-enhanced AI will optimize battlefield logistics, autonomous systems, and missile guidance.
• Geopolitical Power: The report points out that the dominance of a country in quantum technology will give it an edge to shape global technology standards and norms, thus shaping international regulations.

Key Recommendations

• PQC Transition Plan: Involving risk prioritization-based transition and roadmap, accelerated POCs, testing and certification, and exchanging information about the deployments. 
• Early Warning System: Leverage scientific intelligence for potential breakthroughs. 
• Technology Access Agreements: Establish bilateral partnerships for rapid adoption, especially the modalities that offer scalability, including topology qubit.
• Flexible R&D Funding: Adapt investment priorities based on emerging breakthroughs.

Concluding remarks

• India’s quantum security strategy must integrate technology monitoring, research flexibility, and supply chain security while leveraging global partnerships and domestic innovation. 
• A proactive, multi-pronged approach will ensure national security remains resilient in the quantum era.

Source: PIB