China’s EAST Reactor

Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology

Context

• Chinese scientists reported that they were able to maintain a plasma at a temperature of 100 million degrees C for about 1,066 seconds in a nuclear fusion reactor called the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST).

About

• EAST is a testbed reactor for (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) ITER, an international megaproject.
• Members of the Project: Six countries around the world, including India, and the European Union.
• They are working together to build a tokamak that will sustain nuclear fusion that releases more energy than that required to sustain the plasma.
  • A tokamak is a machine that uses magnetic fields to confine plasma for nuclear fusion research.

Background

• 1939: Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch explained fission as a process of energy release.
• 1942: The first sustainable nuclear fission reactor was built by Enrico Fermi and team.
  • Nuclear fission produces harmful radioactive waste whereas nuclear fusion doesn’t.
  • Nuclear fusion reactors have become an important technological goal for a world keenly interested in new sources of clean energy.
• Current Progress: Projects like ITER are working on creating viable fusion reactors, but net-positive energy from fusion is still a work in progress.

What is Nuclear Fusion?

• Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of energy.
• Fusion reactions take place in a state of matter called plasma — a hot, charged gas made of positive ions and free-moving electrons with unique properties distinct from solids, liquids or gases.
• The sun, along with all other stars, is powered by this reaction. 
• Process: The Deuterium (H-2) and Tritium (H-3) atoms are combined to form Helium (He-4). A free and fast neutron is also released as a result.
  • The neutron is powered by the kinetic energy converted from the ‘extra’ mass left over after the combination of lighter nuclei of deuterium and tritium occurs.
• Challenges: Achieving controlled fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures, similar to those in stars.

Significance of Fusion energy?

• Clean Energy: Nuclear fusion does not emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, so it could be a long-term source of low-carbon electricity from the second half of this century onwards.
• More Efficient: Fusion could generate four times more energy per kilogram of fuel than fission (used in nuclear power plants) and nearly four million times more energy than burning oil or coal.
• Fusion fuel is plentiful and easily accessible: Deuterium can be extracted inexpensively from seawater, and tritium can potentially be produced from the reaction of fusion-generated neutrons with naturally abundant lithium.
  • These fuel supplies would last for millions of years. 
• Safer to Use: Future fusion reactors are also intrinsically safe and are not expected to produce high activity or long-lived nuclear waste.
  • Furthermore, as the fusion process is difficult to start and maintain, there is no risk of a runaway reaction and meltdown.

Way Ahead:

• EAST’s successes are crucial for ITER’s future, which faces criticism for delays and cost overruns.
  • ITER’s cost exceeds EUR 18 billion, making it the most expensive science experiment in history.
  • High costs have deterred some governments from pursuing such projects.
• Alternative Fusion Methods:
  • Stellarator: A device with a twisting design that eliminates the need for a poloidal magnetic field, using complex external magnets to achieve magnetic confinement.
  • Laser Fusion: Uses powerful laser beams to compress deuterium-tritium pellets, causing fusion and releasing energy.
  • The heat from laser fusion can be used to generate steam, which drives turbines to produce electricity.

Source: TH