1. Diabetes in Tribal Population in India

Tribal population in India has been facing a rampant problem of diabetes. Reasons can be attributed to years of malnutrition and a heavy reliance on rice which is supplied through a public distribution system.

DIABETES

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose. Types of Diabetes: The most common types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes: In Type 1 Diabetes the body does not make insulin since the immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can appear at any age. People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day to stay alive. Type 2 diabetes: In type 2 diabetes the body does not make or use insulin well. One can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood. However, this type of diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older people. Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes. Gestational diabetes: Gestational diabetes develops in some women when they are pregnant which mostly goes away after the baby is born. If one has had gestational diabetes there is a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy is actually type 2 diabetes. Lean Diabetes: The term lean diabetes was coined in 1965 by researchers from Odisha who described the condition as the “dual stress of intermittent starvation and overload on carbohydrate metabolism”. The phenomenon has been recorded in various low and middle income countries like Bangladesh, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Korea, Thailand, and Uganda.

Diabetes in India:

• In India about 77 million people above the age of 18 years are suffering from diabetes (type 2) and nearly 25 million are prediabetics (at a higher risk of developing diabetes in near future).
• It is predicted that by 2030 diabetes may affect up to 79.4 million individuals in India, while 42.3 million in China and 30.0 million in the United States.

Diabetes in Tribal Population:

• Bilaspur district’s health office shows that the community health centre (CHC) has diagnosed 922 new diabetes patients between April 2022 and February 2023 where total diabetes patients in the village is at 1063.
• The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare said that the proportion of deaths due to NCDS (among all deaths) rose from 37 per cent in 1990 to 61 per cent in 2016.
• According to a paper in “Science-Direct” 104 million tribal people, or 8.6 per cent of the country’s population, could suffer from diabetes.
• A 2016 paper, argues the prevalence of diabetes in tribal areas ranges around 1-10%.

Reasons of Diabetes in Tribal Population:

• Over reliance on rice distributed through TPDS is attributed to the sudden rise of diabetes in the tribal population.
• Traditionally, the tribal population would cultivate millets, grow vegetables and fruits. This practice has vanished over the years.

• The third NNMB report (2008-09) shows that the proportion of individuals with protein calorie adequacy decreased among all the age groups.
• Diabetes is rampant in tribal populations due to lack of guidelines and awareness and resources to manage the health condition.
• The tribal population affected by diabetes has become frail and therefore unable to be physically active.

Ways to reduce Diabetes Burden:

• Government must invest in proper data management systems for disease control, training of ASHA and healthcare workers, hospitals infrastructure etc.
• Decentralised care and establishment of other non-medical approaches like peer support groups etc to create awareness and inclusivity.
• The situation can be improved by nutritional rehabilitation of mixed food types, including egg, millets and nuts which can be distributed through TPDS.

2. Termite and Methane Emission

Termites are counted among natural sources of methane like wetlands, wild animals, livestock and geological features like volcanoes, and are estimated to account for 1-3% of emissions globally.

TERMITES

Termites are a group of detritivores insects which consume a wide variety of decaying plant material, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, and soil humus.

About Greenhouse effect and gases:

• The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet’s atmosphere trap some of the heat radiated from the planet’s surface.
• The planet’s surface is warmed by solar radiation and this warm surface re emit heat through infrared thermal radiation.
• Greenhouse gases absorb some infrared radiation, reducing the amount of energy that escapes into space. This reduction in planetary cooling raises the planet’s average surface temperature.
• The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and ozone in the lower atmosphere.

MAJOR TREATIES TO LIMIT GHGS

Kyoto Protocol (1997):  It operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialised countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Paris Agreement (2015): The Paris Agreement of 2015 entering into force in 2016 is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Termite connection of GHGs:

Termites’ contribution to global methane emissions was first highlighted in 1932.

• In 1982, researchers published a paper saying termites are responsible for 150 Tg (1 Tg or teragram is equal to 1012 g) of methane emissions per year, or 40 per cent of total methane emissions at the time which was an overestimation
• According to the Global Carbon Project, in 2008-17, the world emitted 576 Tg of methane per year, of which termites contributed 9 Tg.
• Termites feed on dead and decaying plant and animal matter that causes methane emissions. Methanogenic microorganisms that live in the gut of termites break down the cellulose entering the body and release methane.
• Termites undo the damage partially by depositing in the mound a select group of microbes that can capture some emissions.

Problems in Data Collection:

• Data is collected from two methodologies currently:
  • Study individual termites in a laboratory setting. This method, however, does not calculate methane capture by mounds.
  • Check emissions released by individual mounds in forests; but here, emissions by individual termites outside the mound are missed.
• There are multiple other reasons for the uncertainty in estimation of termite emissions like:
  • emissions data on only 5% of the 3,000 known termite species is available.
  • estimating termite biomass (mass of all termites in all mounds globally), which is essential for calculating emissions, is an invasive process that involves destroying the mound and manually counting the insects.
  • there is limited information on the degree to which mounds capture methane.
• Studying one colony does not necessarily mean similar results in other colonies across geographies.
• Another emerging unknown is how termites respond to climate change.

Conclusion:

• Decreasing biodiversity and decline in predator numbers could also increase termite population and thus the emission from them.
• To mitigate emissions from termites one solution could be to restore ecological balance.

3. Emerging Fungal Infections

Fungal infections often go unnoticed but can be difficult diseases to manage. Due to climate change these infections are not just spreading at a faster rate also new infections are emerging globally. Some infections are even showing signs of drug resistance which is cause of great worry.

What is Fungus?

• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that have rigid cellulose- or chitin-based cell walls and reproduce primarily by forming spores.
• Most fungi are multicellular, although some, such as yeasts, are unicellular.
• Many fungi also infect plants and animals. Examples of diseases caused by fungi are ringworm and histoplasmosis.
• It is estimated as there could be 6 million species of fungi, of which scientists have so far identified only about 150,000 species.

Uses of Fungi:

• Fungi are responsible for keeping the natural world going by their aid in decomposition. By feeding on the organic matter, fungi return nutrients to the ecological system that are then made available to plants.
• Fungi are also part of the human microbiome; known as commensals, they live on human skin, in mucosal surfaces such as the oral cavity and vagina and in the gut, where they assist in digestion and train the immune system and its responses.
• Humans also use fungi for production of bioactive chemical compounds such as food (bread, cheese and wine), fuels (ethanol and biogas), pest control (herbicides, pesticides) and antibiotics (such as penicillin and cephalosporins).

Common Fungal Infections:

Fungus	Infection / Disease
Cryptococcus Neoformans	Cryptococcosis, a fatal lung infection. It leaves patients severely immunocompromised.
Candida Auris	Candidiasis of blood, heart, central nervous system, eyes, bones and internal organs.
Aspergillus Fumigatus	Aspergillosis, causing a range of infections from allergies to invasion of organs and systems.
Candida Albicans	Iit can multiply in mucous membranes and cause life threatening candidiasis.
Nakaseomyces Glabrata also called Candida Glabrata	Candidiasis, second only to Candida albicans.
Fusarium Species	They cause invasive disease (invasive fusariosis), mainly in the respiratory system and the eyes.

Emerging Threats:

• More than 300 million people are affected by serious fungal infections, with nearly two million deaths every year. This is higher than the mortality caused by either tuberculosis (TB) or malaria.
• Medical interventions that include immunosuppressants, persistent HIV infection and diabetes are helping growth of harmful fungi. Eg: The outbreak of mucormycosis (referred to as black fungus) in India, in 2021.
• Fungi in nature have begun adapting to higher temperatures and non-disease causing fungi are turning into disease causing.
• There are only four classes of antifungals and fungus have started showing resistance to some of them.
• There is a lack of proper knowledge and research facilities. As of May 2023, India has only 9 mycology laboratories whereas it needs one in every state.

FUNGAL PRIORITY PATHOGENS LIST (FPPL)

The World Health Organisation released the first-ever Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL). It includes 19 fungi that can be a threat to public health.

Way forward:

• Over 80 per cent of patients could be saved if specialised diagnostics and antifungals were available everywhere. Thus research and diagnostic loopholes must be filled.
• Proper funding is required to develop healthcare infrastructure in the long run could help reduce the load of fungal infections.
• There is a need to improve global coordination in addressing fungal diseases, update infection, prevention and control measures and training public health professionals to appropriately treat fungal diseases.
• Strengthen surveillance to close the knowledge gap on burden of disease and antifungal resistance. This can be achieved by routine care, prioritising at-risk population and implementing global best practices to suit national, regional, and local needs.

4. First Waterbody Census of India

The Ministry of Jal Shakti has released the report of India’s first water bodies census.  The “Water Bodies First Census Report” is a broader version of the sixth minor irrigation census. Since 1986, India has conducted a census of minor irrigation every five years, exclusively on rural water bodies.

Key Points of the Census:

• It defines water bodies as “all natural or man-made units bounded on all sides with some or no masonry work used for storing water for irrigation or other purposes (e.g. industrial, pisciculture, domestic/ drinking, recreation, religious, ground water recharge etc.)”.
• The report excluded certain types of water bodies which include:
  • oceans and lagoons
  • rivers, streams, springs, waterfalls, canals, etc. which are free flowing, without any bounded storage of water
  • swimming pools
  • covered water tanks created for a specific purpose by a family or household for their own consumption
  • a water tank constructed by a factory owner for consumption of water as raw material or consumable
  • temporary water bodies created by digging for mining, brick kilns, and construction activities, which may get filled during the rainy season
  • pucca open water tanks created only for cattle to drink water

Concerns about methodology:

• India has a total of 7,933 towns as per Census 2011 but the water bodies census covers only 3,009 towns. Thus it fails to capture a complete national picture.
• Classification criterias of ponds, lakes, tanks etc. are not standardised and thus there can be discrepancies while counting water bodies.
• The survey has been done without the involvement of local governments and committees. Local governments and committees are generally the custodians of these water bodies.
• The census does not clarify about encroachments and whether they lie in urban areas or rural areas.