{"id":7372,"date":"2022-08-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-13T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/current_affairs\/uncategorized\/13-08-2022\/criminal-procedure-identification-act-2022\/"},"modified":"2025-07-25T17:14:04","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T11:44:04","slug":"criminal-procedure-identification-act-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/13-08-2022\/criminal-procedure-identification-act-2022","title":{"rendered":"Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>In Context<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The recently passed Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 has come into force<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">It repeals the existing <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">About:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The Act <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>replaces <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">the similar<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> colonial-era Identification of Prisoners Act,<\/strong><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>1920.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The new law allows<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> investigators<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> to collect certain <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>identifiable information<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> of convicts and other persons for purposes of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>identification and investigation in criminal matters<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Key provisions:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Legal sanction of data collection:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The new law provides a legal sanction to the police to take<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> physical and biological samples<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>convicts <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">as well as those <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>accused <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">of crimes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">It empowers police to collect:\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Fingerprints<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Palm prints and footprints<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Photos<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Iris and retina scans<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Analysis of physical and biological samples<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Behavioural attributes<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Signature and handwriting<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Measurements <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>photographs<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> for identification have <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>three main purposes:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">To establish the identity of the culprit against the person being arrested,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">To identify suspected repetition of similar offences by the same person and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">To establish a previous conviction.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Persons in preventive detention:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The Act also seeks to apply to persons detained under any preventive detention law.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Role of<\/strong><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB):<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The law also empowers the <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/04-12-2023\/daily-current-affairs-04-12-2023\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>store, preserve, share<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> with any law enforcement agency and destroy the record of measurements at the national level.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The records can be stored <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>up to a period of 75 years<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 621px;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 621px; border: 1px solid #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>About the existing Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Police have <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>powers of arrest<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">. But, a mere arrest does not give them the right to search a person.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Police require <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>legal sanctions<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> search<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> the person and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>collect evidence<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">These legal sanctions are designed so as <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>to maintain a balance<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> between the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>rights of an individual <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">and the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> interests of society<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> in the prosecution and prevention of offences.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>The Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> became a necessity when the recording of the then newer forms of evidence such as<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> fingerprints, footprints <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>measurements<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> started becoming more <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>accurate and reliable<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Requirement of new law:<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">With<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> advancements in forensics<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, there was a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>need to recognise<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> more kinds of \u201cmeasurements\u201d that can be used by law enforcement agencies for investigation.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>The old vs new law:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Legal sanction:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Like the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, the new Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022 provides for legal sanction to law enforcement agencies for the collection of measurements.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Broad categorisation:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The old law allowed police authorities to take <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>only fingerprint and footprint impressions<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> of a limited category of convicted persons,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Whereas the new law allows police to collect a range of physical and biological samples, not only of convicts but also of those arrested or even detained under any preventive detention law.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">While the old law was <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>limited to serious offenders<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, the new one includes<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> all categories of criminals and accused<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Improvements:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The new legislation allows that a person who has been arrested for an offence that is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> punishable by less than seven years<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> of imprisonment, and is not an<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> offence against women and children<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, \u201cmay not be obliged to allow taking of his biological samples\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">This is definitely an improvement over the earlier law which did not allow for any such refusal.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Punishment:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">It also <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>does away with<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> the condition of an offence being punishable by <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>at least one year or more <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">of imprisonment for the \u201cmeasurements\u201d to be taken.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Exemptions:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">It only<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> grants an exemption i<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">n the form of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>mandatory consent for \u201cbiological samples\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, except in cases where the accused is arrested for <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>sexual abuse of women and children<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> or for an offence carrying a minimum punishment <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>of seven years<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Powers of Magistrate:\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Under the act, a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Magistrate may direct a person to give details <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">for the purpose of an investigation or proceeding under the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>CrPC<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Depending on certain factors (such as the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>area concerned)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, the Magistrate may be a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> Metropolitan Magistrate<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Judicial Magistrate of the first class, or an Executive Magistrate<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Records of juveniles:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The Act <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>does not <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">explicitly bar<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> taking measurements of juveniles.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>The provisions of the (Special Act) Juvenile Justice Act, 2015<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> regarding the destruction of records of conviction under the Act, shall apply.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Concerns<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">In conflict with the Right to privacy:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The legislation comes in the backdrop of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>right to privacy<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> being recognised as a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>fundamental right<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">As per the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Puttaswamy judgment<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, for a privacy intrusive measure to be constitutional, there is a need for\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The measure to be taken in pursuance of a legitimate aim of the state,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">To be backed by the law and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">To be \u201cnecessary and proportionate\u201d to the aim being sought to be achieved.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">In this case, while the first two tests are satisfied, as <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>\u201cprevention and investigation of crime\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> is a legitimate aim of the state and \u201cmeasurements\u201d are being taken under a valid legislation.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The satisfaction of the third test of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>necessity and proportionality<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> has been challenged on multiple counts.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Going beyond collecting measurements:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The inclusion of derivative data such as \u201canalysis\u201d and \u201cbehavioural attributes\u201d have raised concerns that data processing may go beyond recording of core \u201cmeasurements\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">That is some of these measurements could be processed for predictive policing.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Fear of mass surveillance:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Another worry expressed by experts is that such collection can also result in mass surveillance with the database under this law being combined with other databases such as those of the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Right against self-incrimination:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">concerns are being raised that the present law violates the right against self-incrimination enshrined in Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">However, this argument is nebulous since the Supreme Court in the State of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Bombay vs Kathi Kalu Oghad<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> held that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>\u201cNon-communicative\u201d evidence<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> i.e. evidence which does not convey information within the personal knowledge of the accused cannot be understood to be leading to self-incrimination.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Therefore, no challenge lies to the law on this ground.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Way Ahead<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Safeguard against misuse:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The government has assured that the rules would have safeguards against any <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>misuse of the identification database<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>biological samples<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">, by fixing <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>accountability<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> of those entrusted with the safety of data.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Strengthening criminal procedure:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">The government views this law as a means to strengthen criminal procedure by consolidating evidence and data at the central level to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>increase conviction rates<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Recommendations:<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">To facilitate identification and investigation in criminal matters, Enforcement agencies must be allowed to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> use scientific methods<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong> prevent and detect crime<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Necessary training<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> should be imparted to the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>investigating officers<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">It should be ensured that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Right to Privacy<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"> should be maintained along with keeping <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>national security as the prime agenda<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><\/span><\/span><a style=\"text-decoration-line: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/explained-what-is-the-criminal-procedure-identification-act-2022\/article65757554.ece#:~:text=THE%20GIST-,The%20Criminal%20Procedure%20(Identification)%20Act%2C%202022%20provides%20legal%20sanction,and%20investigation%20of%20criminal%20matters%E2%80%9D.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><span style=\"color: #1155cc;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>TH<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Context The recently passed Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 has come into force It repeals the existing Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920. Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act About: The Act replaces the similar colonial-era Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920. The new law allows investigators to collect certain identifiable information of convicts and other persons for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[31,30],"class_list":["post-7372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-affairs","tag-government-policies-interventions","tag-gs-2"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7372","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7372"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7372\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49241,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7372\/revisions\/49241"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7372"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7372"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}