{"id":33316,"date":"2024-12-06T18:15:50","date_gmt":"2024-12-06T12:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/?p=33316"},"modified":"2024-12-19T20:07:12","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T14:37:12","slug":"internal-migration-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/06-12-2024\/internal-migration-in-india","title":{"rendered":"Internal Migration in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Syllabus: GS1\/Migration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Context<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In India, <strong>internal migration <\/strong>plays a crucial role in shaping <strong>both urban and rural economies.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Migration in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Close to <strong>85%<\/strong> of the migration has been within the state.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to NSSO surveys, rural-urban migration is the most dominant form of migration and comprises 25.2% of all internal migration in India, followed by urban-urban (22.9%), urban-rural (17.5%), and rural-rural (4.4%).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the Migration in India (2020-21) survey, <strong>29% of Indians are migrants, which is nearly 400 million.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Slow Urbanisation Rate: <\/strong>Economists have pointed out that urbanisation rate in India is lower than in most countries.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>According to World Bank data, 35% of Indians lived in cities as of 2021 as compared to 63% in China and 43% in lower-middle-income countries.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India\u2019s slower urbanisation rate suggests<strong> limited internal mobility, despite urban economic growth.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who are Migrants?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Census defines two types of migrants in India \u2013 <strong>migration by place of birth and migration by last residence.\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A migrant by the last residence is one who resides at a place different from the place of enumeration continuously for at least six months prior to the migration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Between 1991 and 2011<\/strong>, the share of migrants in rural India <strong>increased from 26.1% to 32.5%.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>while in urban India, the same <strong>increased from 32.3% to 48.4%.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reasons:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Migration for marriage <\/strong>has been one of the most important reasons for migration and most of these migrants are generally women.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The trend for migration for work or employment <\/strong>reflects that such migrants are<strong> mostly youth,<\/strong> indicating the role of the demographic dividend.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is also segmented on caste, tribe, religious, and regional identities.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nature of Internal Migration in India\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rural to Urban Movement<\/strong>: The most common form, driven by the search for better employment, education, and living standards in cities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic Factors<\/strong>: Migration for better job opportunities, particularly in agriculture, industry, and construction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seasonal and Temporary Migration<\/strong>: Movement of labor during peak agricultural seasons or temporary employment opportunities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interstate and Intrastate Migration<\/strong>: People migrate within and between states, seeking better opportunities or living conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Return Migration<\/strong>: Migration back to the place of origin due to family reasons, economic changes, or better opportunities at home.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Natural Disasters and Displacement<\/strong>: Migration due to calamities like floods, droughts, or earthquakes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Educational and Marital Migration<\/strong>: Students moving for higher education and individuals migrating for marriage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Internal Migration in India Faces Several Challenges:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Economic Issues:<\/strong> Migrants often end up in low-paying, unskilled jobs with poor working conditions and are vulnerable to exploitation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Poor Living Conditions:<\/strong> Many migrants live in overcrowded slums with limited access to basic services like healthcare, water, and sanitation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social Exclusion: <\/strong>Migrants face discrimination and cultural barriers, hindering their social integration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal Challenges:<\/strong> Migrants often lack proper identification, which limits their access to social security and government schemes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strain on Urban Infrastructure: <\/strong>Rapid urban migration puts pressure on housing, transportation, and resources in cities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Impact on Rural Areas:<\/strong> Rural areas face depopulation, labor shortages, and economic decline due to out-migration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Government Initiatives<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): <\/strong>This life insurance scheme offers Rs. 2 lakh to the family of a migrant worker in the event of their death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PM SVANidhi Scheme:<\/strong> It provides street vendors, including migrant workers, with microloans up to Rs. 10,000 to help them restart or expand their businesses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM): <\/strong>The PM-SYM pension scheme is available to workers aged 18-40, providing a monthly pension of Rs. 3000 once they turn 60.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>eShram Portal: A One-Stop Solution:<\/strong> It was launched by Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment in 2021, and more than 30 crore workers have already registered themselves on eShram in a span of 3 years.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is launched to simplify the registration process for unorganised workers and facilitate their access to government welfare schemes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>One Nation, One Ration Card (ONORC) Scheme: <\/strong>This scheme allows migrants to access food grains and subsidies from the Public Distribution System (PDS) from any ration shop in the country, regardless of their place of origin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):<\/strong> This initiative aims to provide affordable housing for the urban poor, including migrant workers, through subsidies and financial support.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Way Ahead<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Improve Skill Development: <\/strong>Expand skill training programs to enhance the employability of migrants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social Security and Welfare:<\/strong> Strengthen social security schemes for migrants, such as healthcare, housing, and insurance, ensuring they are portable across states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Enhanced Legal Protection: <\/strong>Establish a national registry for migrant workers to ensure they are recognized and have access to legal protections, fair wages, and workplace rights.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Promote Rural Development: <\/strong>Create job opportunities and improve infrastructure in rural areas to reduce the pressure of rural-to-urban migration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/how-to-facilitate-safer-and-more-productive-migration-patterns-9704456\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>IE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In India, internal migration plays a crucial role in shaping both urban and rural economies.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33316","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-affairs"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33316","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33316"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33316\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33317,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33316\/revisions\/33317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33316"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33316"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}