{"id":32057,"date":"2024-11-12T18:29:18","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T12:59:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/?p=32057"},"modified":"2024-11-12T18:29:19","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T12:59:19","slug":"what-are-the-costs-of-population-decline","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/12-11-2024\/what-are-the-costs-of-population-decline","title":{"rendered":"What are the Costs of Population Decline?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Syllabus: GS1\/ Society, GS2\/ Governance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Context<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The varied demographic trends across Indian states raise significant concerns about their broader implications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Demographic Trends in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Total Fertility Rate (TFR): <\/strong>Between <strong>2019 and 2021<\/strong>, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh recorded a <strong>TFR of 1.5.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Conversely, <strong>Bihar (3), Uttar Pradesh (2.7),<\/strong> and Madhya Pradesh (2.6) had higher fertility rates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A TFR of <strong>2.1 <\/strong>is considered the replacement level needed to maintain a stable population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aging Population Concerns:<\/strong> According to<strong> India Ageing Report (UNFPA)<\/strong> the elderly population in India is projected to increase from <strong>10.1% in 2021 to 15% by 2036.\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In Kerala the elderly population is 16.5% whereas in Bihar it is 7.7%,<\/strong> in 2021.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Implications of Aging Population<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Economic implications;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Increased Public Spending on Pensions <\/strong>with growth in elderly population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Old Age Dependency Ratio: <\/strong>Indicates the number of older adults for every 100 people of working age (18-59 years). A ratio exceeding 15% signals an aging crisis. Some southern states have already crossed this benchmark.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reduced Consumer Demand:<\/strong> An aging population tends to consume less compared to a younger, more active demographic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pressure on Healthcare Infrastructure: <\/strong>In 2017-18, southern states accounted for <strong>32%<\/strong> of India&#8217;s total out-of-pocket spending on cardiovascular diseases despite having only <strong>one-fifth of the population.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Political Implications;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Interstate Resource Tensions:<\/strong> Southern states, despite contributing significantly to tax revenue, receive a diminishing share of central resources due to slower population growth.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Delimitation and Representation: <\/strong>The expiration of the freeze on parliamentary seats in <strong>2026 <\/strong>will lead to a new delimitation exercise that will alter state representation in the Lok Sabha, influenced by population changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social implications: <\/strong>The burden of supporting a growing elderly population can create tension between generations.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Also there will be more requirements for <strong>alternative support<\/strong> systems such as community-based care.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Global scenario<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In Japan <\/strong>the median age is over 48 years. This demographic shift has led to prolonged economic stagnation, shrinking workforce, and increased public spending on pensions and healthcare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00a0China\u2019s one-child policy<\/strong>, enforced from 1979 to 2015, significantly lowered the birth rate, leading to a rapidly aging population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>South Korea<\/strong> has one of the <strong>world\u2019s lowest fertility rates, at 0.78 as of 2022.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Way Ahead<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Policy Adjustments: <\/strong>Policies should focus on supporting families through paid maternity and paternity leave, and employment practices that mitigate the <strong>&#8220;motherhood penalty.&#8221;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gender Equity:<\/strong> States and countries with better gender equity maintain more sustainable fertility rates, as women are more willing to have children if they retain economic independence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strategic Support: <\/strong>Implementing work-family policies that align with modern socio-economic expectations will support fertility rates and ensure balanced demographic and economic growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-are-the-costs-of-population-decline\/article68850152.ece#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20political%20implications,have%20in%20the%20L\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TH<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The varied demographic trends across Indian states raise significant concerns about their broader implications.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-affairs"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32057"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32058,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32057\/revisions\/32058"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}