{"id":31673,"date":"2024-11-04T18:06:12","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T12:36:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/?p=31673"},"modified":"2024-11-04T18:06:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T12:36:14","slug":"urbanisation-and-related-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/04-11-2024\/urbanisation-and-related-challenges","title":{"rendered":"Urbanisation and Related Challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Syllabus: GS1\/Urbanisation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Context<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>October 31 is observed every year a<strong>s World Cities Day.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>About<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The world\u2019s urban population has reached an estimated 4.7 billion, or <strong>57.5% of the world\u2019s total population<\/strong>, with projections to <strong>double by 2050.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The theme for this year\u2019s World Cities Day is <strong>\u2018Youth Climate Changemakers: Catalysing Local Action for Urban Sustainability\u2019.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Urbanisation in India<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In Western countries, <\/strong>urbanisation followed industrialisation, which created jobs that absorbed rural labour.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Their urbanisation was sustained also because of massive economic transfers from colonies.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In contrast<strong>, India\u2019s urbanisation is largely driven by economic distress, <\/strong>resulting in poverty-driven urbanisation, with both rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>During the COVID-19 pandemic, the<strong> strain on urban planning became apparent,<\/strong> as reverse migration trends highlighted gaps in infrastructure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the <strong>2011 Census, <\/strong>India\u2019s urban population increased from<strong> 27.7% in 2001 to 31.1% in 2011<\/strong>, at a rate of <strong>2.76% per year.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Bank estimates suggest around<strong> 40% of India\u2019s population<\/strong> live in urban areas, in around 9,000 statutory and census towns.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How well India manages this urban transformation will play a critical role in realizing its <strong>ambition of becoming a developed country by 2047<\/strong>, the 100th year of independence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Urban challenges in India:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Outdated Plans: <\/strong>Spatial and temporal plans are often outdated and fail to accommodate population growth.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Overcrowded Unplanned Areas:<\/strong> Since the 1980s, deindustrialisation has led to job losses in cities like Ahmedabad, Delhi, Surat, and Mumbai.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Many workers displaced by this trend moved to peri-urban areas, where they live in overcrowded conditions.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Currently, 40% of India\u2019s urban population resides in slums.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Change: <\/strong>Climate change severely impacts Indian cities.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cities face severe pollution and are increasingly subject to urban flooding and heat island effects.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inequality in Development: <\/strong>Inequality is widening, with exclusive developments catering to the wealthy while millions lack basic housing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Waste Management: <\/strong>Rapid urbanization has led to increased waste generation, and many cities struggle with effective waste collection and disposal, resulting in environmental degradation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transportation and Traffic Congestion:<\/strong> Inadequate public transport systems, coupled with a rise in private vehicle ownership, contribute to severe traffic congestion and pollution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Steps Taken by Government of India to Tackle Urbanisation Challenges<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As per the 12th Schedule of the Constitution of India, <strong>urban planning is a State subject.\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Government of India provides financial and technical support to the States.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State Town Planning Departments and Urban Development Authorities act as city and state level urban anchors.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Smart Cities Mission:<\/strong> Launched in 2015, this initiative aims to promote sustainable and inclusive cities by using smart technology for better infrastructure, transportation, and services.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT):<\/strong> This mission focuses on ensuring basic services like water supply, sewerage, and urban transport to improve the quality of life in cities, particularly for the urban poor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): <\/strong>This housing scheme aims to provide affordable housing to the urban poor.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban): <\/strong>Launched in 2014, this initiative focuses on promoting cleanliness and sanitation in urban areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NITI Ayog: <\/strong>The Managing Urbanisation (MU) Division provides data-based policy inputs for making India\u2019s urbanisation manageable, economically productive, environmentally appropriate, and equitable.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It offers advice and policy guidance to key stakeholders involved in urban planning, development, and management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PM SVANidhi scheme<\/strong> is a special micro-credit facility launched by ministry for providing affordable loans to street vendors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-are-the-major-challenges-faced-by-indian-cities-explained\/article68826666.ece#:~:text=Cities%20here%20often%20suffer%20from,vulnerability%20to%20climate%2Drelated%20events.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>PIB<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>October 31 is observed every year as World Cities Day.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31673","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-affairs"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31673","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31673"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31673\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31674,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31673\/revisions\/31674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31673"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31673"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31673"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}