{"id":14956,"date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-26T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/current_affairs\/uncategorized\/26-04-2021\/mahavira-jayanti-jainism\/"},"modified":"2021-04-26T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-04-26T00:00:00","slug":"mahavira-jayanti-jainism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/26-04-2021\/mahavira-jayanti-jainism","title":{"rendered":"Mahavira Jayanti | Jainism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>In News<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Recently, the Prime Minister of India has paid tribute to <strong>Lord Mahavira<\/strong> on the occasion of his <strong>birth anniversary<\/strong>, <strong>Mahavira Jayanti<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">It is also known as <strong>Mahaveer Janma Kalyanak<\/strong> and is celebrated on the <strong>13<sup>th<\/sup> day of the bright half of the moon<\/strong> in the month of <strong>Chaitra<\/strong>, according to the Hindu calendar.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">In <strong>2021<\/strong>, it is being celebrated on <strong>25<sup>th<\/sup> April 2021<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>About Mahavira Swami<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Birth: <\/strong>He was born to <strong>King Siddhartha<\/strong> and <strong>Queen Trishala<\/strong> of the <strong>Ikshvaku <\/strong>dynasty, in <strong>599 BC at Kshatriyakund<\/strong> (part of the well known <strong>Vaishali republic<\/strong>) in <strong>Bihar<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Early Life<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He was named Vardhaman, which means continuously increasing.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He was a kshatriya prince of the <strong>Lichchhavis<\/strong>, a group that was part of the <strong>Vajji Sangha<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Though he was born with worldly comforts and luxuries, they never attracted him and at the age of <strong>thirty<\/strong>, he <strong>left home<\/strong> and went to live in a forest. For <strong>twelve years he led a hard and lonely life<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Kevaljnan<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">At the age of <strong>forty-two <\/strong>he attained <strong><em>Kevaljnan <\/em><\/strong>(<strong>omniscience<\/strong>)<em> <\/em>through right <strong>knowledge<\/strong>, right <strong>faith <\/strong>and right <strong>conduct <\/strong>(<strong>Three Jewels of Jainism<\/strong>).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He became a <strong><em>Jina<\/em><\/strong> (conqueror) and the <strong>twenty-fourth tirthankara<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Rishabh Deva<\/strong> was the <strong>first tirthankara<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Teachings and Contributions<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">All living beings have a soul and all souls are equal.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He <strong>questioned the authority of the Vedas<\/strong> and also <strong>emphasised individual agency<\/strong> and suggested the masses to attain liberation from the trials and tribulations of worldly existence.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">This was in<strong> marked contrast to the Brahmanical position<\/strong>, wherein, an individual\u2019s existence was thought to be determined by his or her birth in a specific caste or gender.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He <strong>added one more vow<\/strong> to the four great vows from the time of <strong>Lord Parshvanath<\/strong>. The<strong> five great vows<\/strong> are<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Ahimsa<\/em><\/strong> (non-violence)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Satya <\/em><\/strong>(truth)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Asteya<\/em><\/strong> (non-stealing)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Aparigraha<\/em><\/strong> (non-possession)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Brahmacharya<\/em><\/strong> (chastity, added by Mahavira).<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">There are <strong>two forms of these five vows<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Mahavrata: <\/strong>The 5 great vows followed<strong> by Jain monks and nuns<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Anuvrata:<\/strong> The less strict version of great vows followed <strong>by Jain lay people<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">As the last Tirthankar, he<strong> revived the<\/strong> <strong><em>Tirth <\/em><\/strong>(religious order) and this order is known as the <strong><em>Jain Sangh<\/em><\/strong> (order).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">His <strong>first and chief disciple<\/strong>, called <strong><em>Ganadhar<\/em><\/strong>, was <strong>Gautamswami<\/strong>, who was a well known Brahmin scholar of the time.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Lord Mahavira had <strong>eleven Ganadhars<\/strong>, who compiled <strong>twelve scriptures<\/strong> based on his teachings and these are called <strong><em>Agamas<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Agamas were <strong>passed verbally<\/strong> from preceptor to pupil for a long time and were put into<strong> writing about 890 years after the death of Mahavira<\/strong> and are presently available at a place called <strong>Valabhi<\/strong>, in <strong>Gujarat<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He began his journey for <strong>twelve years propagating his religion<\/strong>, which took him <strong>across Magadh to the western boundaries of Bengal<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Language<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">He used <strong>Prakrit <\/strong>language so that <strong>ordinary people could understand<\/strong> the teachings as Sanskrit was not understood by many.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">There were <strong>several forms of Prakrit<\/strong>, used in different parts of the country and named after the regions in which they were used.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">For example, the Prakrit spoken in Magadha was known as <strong>Magadhi Prakrit<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Death:<\/strong> He attained <strong><em>mahaparinirvana <\/em><\/strong>at the age of <strong>seventy-two<\/strong> at <strong>Pavapuri<\/strong> near <strong>Patna<\/strong> in <strong>527 BC<\/strong> and became a <strong><em>Siddha <\/em><\/strong>(free from the cycle of birth and death).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>Jainism<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">The word <strong>Jain <\/strong>comes from the term <strong><em>Jina<\/em><\/strong>, meaning conqueror.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">The basic philosophy was <strong>already in existence in North India before the birth of Lord Mahavira<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">According to Jain tradition, <strong>Mahavira was preceded by 23 <em>tirthankaras<\/em><\/strong><em> <\/em>(teachers), literally, those who guide men and women across the river of existence.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Jainism was <strong>supported mainly by <em>Vaishyas <\/em>(traders) <\/strong>in opposition to <strong><em>Brahmin-Kshatriya<\/em><\/strong> power dynamics.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">The<strong> most important idea<\/strong> in Jainism is that the <strong>entire world is animated<\/strong> and even stones, rocks and water have life.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Non-injury<\/strong> to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects, is <strong>central to Jain philosophy<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">According to Jain teachings, the <strong>cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma<\/strong> and <strong>asceticism and penance<\/strong> are required to <strong>free oneself <\/strong>from the cycle of karma. This can be <strong>achieved only by renouncing the world<\/strong>, therefore, <strong>monastic existence is a necessary<\/strong> condition of salvation. In order to do so, Jain monks and nuns had to take the five vows.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Seven <em>Tattvas <\/em><\/strong>(elements) <strong>of Jain Philosophy<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Jiva <\/em><\/strong>(living substance)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Ajiva <\/em><\/strong>(matter or non-living substance)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Asrava <\/em><\/strong>(influx of Karmic matter in the soul)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Bandha <\/em><\/strong>(bondage of soul by Karmic matter)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Samvara <\/em><\/strong>(stopping of Asrava)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Nirjara <\/em><\/strong>(gradual removal of Karmic matter)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"background-color:white\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Moksha <\/em><\/strong>(attainment of perfect freedom or salvation).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Karmas <\/em><\/strong>are responsible for distortions of the soul and fall into two groups, namely<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Ghati <\/em>(Destructive) Karma:<\/strong> These <strong>obstruct the true nature of the soul<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Jnanavarniya (Knowledge obscuring) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Darshanavarniya (Perception obscuring) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Antar\u00e4y (Obstructing) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Mohniya (Deluding) Karma<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Aghati <\/em>(Non-destructive) Karma:<\/strong> These <strong>affect only the body in which the soul resides<\/strong>. As long as Aghati karmas will be present, human souls will stay caged in some kind of a body and will have to experience pain and sufferings in many different forms.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Vedniya (Feeling producing) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Nam (Body determining) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Gotra (Status determining) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Ayushya (Age determining) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Vedniya (Feeling producing) Karma<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Spread of Jainism<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Over hundreds of years, it spread to different parts of <strong>north India<\/strong> and to <strong>Gujarat<\/strong>, <strong>Tamil Nadu<\/strong> and <strong>Karnataka<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Literature<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Jain scholars produced a wealth of literature in a variety of languages namely <strong>Prakrit, Sanskrit and Tamil<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Jain literature is<strong> classified into two major categories<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Agam Literature: <\/strong>This consists of <strong>original scriptures<\/strong> compiled by Ganadhars and Srut-kevalis. They are written in the <strong>Prakrit <\/strong>language.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Non-Agam Literature:<\/strong> This consists of <strong>commentary and explanation of Agam literature and independent works<\/strong>, compiled by elder monks, nuns, scholars, etc. and are<strong> written in many languages<\/strong> such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, Old Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannad, Tamil, German and English.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Each <strong>Tirthankara revitalizes the Jain Sangh<\/strong>, which is composed of the <strong>following four groups<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Sadhus <\/em><\/strong>(Monks)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Sadhvis <\/em><\/strong>(Nuns)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Shravaks <\/em><\/strong>(Male householders)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><em>Shravikas <\/em><\/strong>(Female householders).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>Jain Philosophy<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:145px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Anekantavada<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:479px\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">It is a <strong>metaphysical <\/strong>theory or a theory of <strong>reality<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">It states that all entities have <strong>three aspects:<\/strong> <strong>substance<\/strong> (<em>dravya<\/em>), <strong>quality<\/strong> (<em>guna<\/em>), and <strong>mode<\/strong> (<em>paryaya<\/em>).<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Dravya serves as a substratum for multiple gunas, each of which is itself <strong>constantly undergoing transformation<\/strong> or modification.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Thus, any entity has both an <strong>abiding continuous nature<\/strong> and <strong>qualities that are in a state of constant flux<\/strong> making the reality <strong>multifaceted<\/strong> and <strong>pluralist<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Simply, it means <strong>non-absolutism<\/strong> or <strong>many-sidedness of reality <\/strong>meaning things have infinite aspects that no determination can exhaust.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:145px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Syadvada<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:479px\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">It is an <strong>epistemological <\/strong>theory or theory of <strong>knowledge<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">It believes that all <strong>judgments are conditional,<\/strong> holding good only in certain conditions, circumstances or senses and is expressed by the word <strong><em>sy?t<\/em><\/strong> (Sanskrit: \u201c<strong>may be<\/strong>\u201d).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">The ways of <strong>looking at a thing<\/strong> (called naya) are <strong>infinite in number<\/strong> and it is the method of examining different probabilities\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">According to this doctrine, all statements can be judged as true or not true or as both true and not true and thus inexpressible, depending on the point of view.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">The combinations of these possibilities can be stated in <strong>seven logical alternatives<\/strong> called <strong>Saptabhangi<\/strong> or <strong>Saptabhanginaya<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>Jain Councils<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:85px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Jain Councils <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:93px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Year <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:100px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Place <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:152px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Chairman <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:193px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Development <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:85px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">1st <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:93px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">300 BC<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:100px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Patilputra<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:152px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Sthulabhadra<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:193px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Compilation of Angas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:85px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">2nd <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:93px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">512 AD<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:100px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Vallabhi <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:152px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Devardhi Kshmasramna<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:193px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Final compilation of 12 Angas and Upangas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>Sects of Jainism<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Famine in Magadha led to the division of Jaisim into two sects namely <strong>Digambar <\/strong>(meaning sky clad) and<strong> Shwetamber<\/strong> (meaning white clad).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Digambar Sect:<\/strong> It was led by <strong>Bhadrabahu<\/strong>, leader of monks who moved to the <strong>south<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">This sect is <strong>more austere<\/strong> and is <strong>closer in its ways to the Jains<\/strong> <strong>at the time of Mahavira<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">In recent centuries, it has further divided into various sub-sects.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Major sub-sects<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Bisapantha<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Terapantha<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Taranapantha or Samaiyapantha<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Minor sub-sects<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Gumanapantha<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Totapantha<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Shwetambar Sect:<\/strong> It was led by <strong>Sthulabhadra<\/strong>, the leader of Monks who stayed in the <strong>North<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Like the Digambar Sect, it has also been divided into three main sub-sects.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Murtipujaka<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Sthanakvasi (avoided Idol Worship\/Murtipujak)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Terapanthi (simpler worship pattern than Digambar TeraPanthi)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Differences Between Digambar and Shwetambar<\/span><\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Dimensions<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:227px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Digambar<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:251px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Shwetambar<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Clothes<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:227px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">They live completely naked.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:251px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">They wear white clothes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Women<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:227px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Women cannot achieve liberation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:251px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Women can achieve liberation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Images<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:227px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Digambara images of tirthankaras have downcast eyes, are plain and always carved as naked figures.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:251px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size:10.5pt\">Svetambara images have prominent staring eyes and are richly decorated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>Related Terms<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Tirthankara<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Founder of four-fold order of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Jina<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">One who has conquered his inner passions such as desire and hatred.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Arihant<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">One who has destroyed his inner enemies such as greed, anger, desire, and hatred. It is made up of two words, \u2018Ari\u2019 (enemy) and \u2018Hant\u2019 (destroyer).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Arhat<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">One to whom nothing can be secret.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Arhant<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">A spiritual acquisition leading a man to the state of an Arihant.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Nirgrantha<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">A religion of One who has gotten rid of all knots or attachments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Siddha <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Both the Tirthankara and ordinary-kevali destroy the remaining four Aghati Karmas at the end of their present life. After their Nirvana (death) all of them are known as Siddhas. The quality and attributes of all siddhas are the same yet they maintain their unique identity and form.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:122px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Three Jewels of Jainism<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:502px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><em>Samyak Darshan<\/em> (Right Faith), <em>Samyak Jnana<\/em> (Right Knowledge) and <em>Samyak Charitra<\/em> (Right Conduct).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong><u>Difference Between Jainism and Buddhism<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"Table\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; border:none; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:130px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Dimension<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:222px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Buddhism <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top; width:272px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Jainism <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; width:0px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:130px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Soul <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:222px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Does not believe in soul. No soul theory is propounded (<strong><em>Nairatmyavada<\/em><\/strong>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:272px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Believe in the soul, which is present in everything.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; width:0px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:130px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>God <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:222px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Generally silent on questions related to the existence of God.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:272px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Does believe in God, not as a creator, but as a perfect being.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; width:0px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:130px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Varna System <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:222px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Condemn it.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:272px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Do not condemn it. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; width:0px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:130px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Incarnation <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:222px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Do not believe in incarnations. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top; width:272px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Believe in incarnations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; width:0px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; height:28px; vertical-align:top; width:624px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\"><strong>Both <\/strong>Jainism and Buddhism<strong> condemn the authority of Vedas<\/strong> and <strong>support <\/strong>the<strong> Karma Theory and rebirth doctrine<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; height:28px; width:0px\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; height:28px; width:0px\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:none; border-left:none; border-right:none; border-top:none; height:17px; width:0px\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial,sans-serif\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1713893\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color:#1155cc\">PIB<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has paid tribute to Lord Mahavira on the occasion of his birth anniversary, Mahavira Jayanti. It is also known as Mahaveer Janma Kalyanak and is celebrated on the 13th day of the bright half of the moon in the month of Chaitra, according to the Hindu calendar. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[58,25,42,87],"class_list":["post-14956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-current-affairs","tag-art-and-culture","tag-gs1","tag-literature","tag-personalities"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/ca\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2210391current-affairs.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14956"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14956\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}