TH<\/a><\/p>\n100 episodes of PM Modi\u2019s Mann ki Baat<\/u><\/h2>\n
Syllabus: GS2\/ Government policies & interventions<\/strong><\/p>\nIn News<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Mann Ki Baat, Prime Minister Narendra Modi\u2019s popular radio programme, completed 100 episodes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Role of Man ki Baat<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- At 100th episode PM framed the radio show as a national conversation that helps connect with the people \u2014 \u201ca matter of faith, of worship\u201d, and a \u201cthaal of prasad\u201d at the feet of \u201cJanata Janardan\u201d.<\/li>\n
- Radio can also reach those people who do not own a mobile device and have Internet connection.<\/li>\n
- Recognition of important initiatives like ‘Selfie with Daughter\u2019 campaign<\/strong> in Haryana.<\/li>\n
- Idea is to convey positivity and to spread optimism l<\/strong>ike during the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns.<\/li>\n
- Spreading awareness <\/strong>about government schemes and initiatives \u2014 Azaadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, Har Ghar Tiranga, digital payments, startups and unicorns etc.<\/li>\n
- Almost every show includes little-known information about India\u2019s arts, craft, folk culture and heroes, etc. that inform and educate, and evoke and sustain listener interest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Evolution of Radio<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Radio Broadcasting began in June 1923 during the British Raj with programs by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.<\/li>\n
- Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is the use of the radio frequency spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radio sport, contesting, and emergency communications.\n
\n- Amateur radio is practised by more than 22,000 licensed users in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Amateur radio operators played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.<\/li>\n
- Congress Radio, also known as Azad Radio, was an underground radio station that operated for about three months during the Quit India Movement of 1942.<\/strong>\n
\n- It was organized by Usha Mehta (1920\u20132000)<\/strong>, then a 22-year student activist, with the help of amateur radio operators.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
All India Radio (AIR) <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- All India Radio (AIR) was established in 1936 (named as Akashvani in 1956) <\/strong>is the national public radio broadcaster of India and is a division of Prasar Bharati. Its headquarter is in New Delhi.<\/li>\n
- It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati’s Doordarshan<\/strong>, an Indian television broadcaster.<\/li>\n
- All India Radio is the largest radio network in the world, and one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the number of languages broadcast and the spectrum of socio-economic and cultural diversity it serves.<\/li>\n
- AIR motto \u2013 \u2018Bahujan Hitaya: Bahujan Sukhaya\u2019.<\/strong><\/li>\n
- AIR’s home service comprises 420 stations located across the country, reaching nearly 92% of the country’s area and 99.19% of the total population.<\/li>\n
- AIR originates programming in 23 languages and 179 dialects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Private Radio<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Private participation wasn’t allowed until 1993 when the government experimented with a daily, two-hour private show slot on the FM channels in Delhi and Mumbai.<\/li>\n
- Radio City Bangalore<\/strong>, which started on July 3, 2001, is India’s first private FM radio station.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Community radio stations<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. Community radio is when local people produce and broadcast their own programs and participate in operating the station. It is a community space for people to meet and collaborate.<\/li>\n
- In December 2002, the government of India approved a policy for the grant of licenses for setting up of community radio stations to well-established educational institutions including IITs\/IIMs.<\/li>\n
- Sreedher Ramamurthy<\/strong> is regarded as the father of community radio in India.<\/li>\n
- Currently India has 372 Community radio stations serving Farmer, Tribal, Coastal communities, ethnic minorities and special interests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Relevance of Radio<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\nPandemic and the contribution of radio<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The community radio broadcasters highlighted their best practices adopted during the pandemic through their presentations. They are reaching out to hinterland through songs, drama and discussions.<\/li>\n
- Six community radio stations in Uttarakhand have come together to spread information related to new quarantine rules, locally available food that can be nutritious and healthy, stress-busting techniques, educational programming and entertainment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Recent government Initiatives<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- It was further announced in November 2019 that 118 new community radio stations are in the process of setting up.<\/li>\n
- Allow companies with a net worth of Rs 1 crore \u2014 instead of Rs 1.5 crore earlier \u2014 to participate in the bidding process for category C and D cities<\/li>\n
- Removal of the three-year lock-in for restructuring.<\/li>\n
- Removal of 15% national cap on channel holdings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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\n\n\n| \n Do you know?<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n- The earliest example of the use of radio broadcasts by a national leader remains the <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201cFireside Chats\u201d, a series of 30 radio addresse<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>s, each typically 20-30 minutes long, delivered by United States President Franklin D Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
- Currently, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Analog terrestrial radio broadcast in India is carried out in Short Wave (SW) (6\u201322 MHz), Medium Wave (MW) (526\u20131606 kHz) and Frequency Modulation (FM) (88\u2013108 MHz).<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Source: PIB<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\nSolid waste management and stray dog attacks<\/u><\/h2>\nSyllabus :GS 2\/GS 3\/Governance\/Environment <\/strong><\/p>\nIn News <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Recently, Many dog bite incidents spotlighted the link between urban solid waste management and stray dog attacks in Indian cities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
About Linkages between waste management and stray dog attacks<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The \u201ccarrying capacity\u201d \u2014 the ability of a city to support a species \u2014 is determined by the availability of food and shelter<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Free-ranging dogs<\/strong> are scavengers that forage around for food, eventually gravitating toward exposed garbage dumping sites.<\/li>\n
- Dogs congregate around urban dump<\/strong>s, such as landfills or garbage dumps, due to feeding opportunities.<\/li>\n
- Free-roaming dogs move towards<\/strong> densely-populated areas in cities, such as urban slums which are usually located next to garbage dumping sites and landfills.<\/li>\n
- The proximity of residential areas to dumping sites and the rise in dog attacks <\/strong>speak to \u201ccore issues of unplanned and unregulated urban development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Data Analysis <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- A population boom in Indian cities has contributed to a staggering rise in solid waste.<\/li>\n
- The estimates by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India show that only 75-80% of the total municipal waste<\/strong> is collected, and only 22-28% of it is processed.\n
\n- The rest is dumped across cities, becoming food for stray dogs or clogging sewage systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cities have also witnessed a sharp increase in the stray dog population, which as per the official 2019 livestock census stood at 1.5 crores.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Issues and Challenges<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The existing systems for solid waste collection<\/strong> and disposal are chequered, with poor implementation and underfunding.<\/li>\n
- Most metro cities<\/strong> are littered with garbage bins that are either old, damaged, or insufficient in containing solid wastes<\/li>\n
- Urban local bodies<\/strong> are struggling to implement and sustain rules under the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016<\/strong>, such as the door-to-door collection of segregated waste.<\/li>\n
- Development of cities, managing solid waste<\/strong> has become a daunting challenge,\u201d and the \u201cunconfined and unmanaged leftovers\u201d end up aiding the proliferation of stray dogs.<\/li>\n
- Tepid animal birth control programmes <\/strong>and insufficient rescue centres<\/strong>, in conjunction with poor waste management<\/strong>, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.<\/li>\n
- India also shoulders the highest rabies burden<\/strong> in the world, accounting for a third of global deaths caused due to the disease.<\/li>\n
- Frequent reports of dogs chasing people down the road, attacking and even \u201cmauling\u201d people to death have made the management of stray dogs an administrative and legal issue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Measures and Initiatives of India<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- India\u2019s response to the \u201cstray dog menace<\/strong>\u201d has relied upon the Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme<\/strong>, through which municipal bodies trap, sterilise and release dogs to slow down the dog population.<\/li>\n
- The second anchor is rabies control measures<\/strong>, including vaccination drives.<\/li>\n
- Other measures include mass culling of dogs <\/strong>in States like Kerala or imposing bans on the entry of stray dogs in colonies or feeding them in public.<\/li>\n
- In November 2022, the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court<\/strong> ruled that people interested in feeding strays should first formally adopt them and feed them in their own homes, directing the municipality to impose a fine of ?200 on anyone found feeding dogs in public places.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Suggestion\u00a0 and Measures\u00a0 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n |