{"id":1307,"date":"2023-04-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-27T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/current_affairs\/uncategorized\/27-04-2023\/scs-modified-judgment-on-eco-sensitive-zones\/"},"modified":"2025-08-04T13:05:42","modified_gmt":"2025-08-04T07:35:42","slug":"scs-modified-judgment-on-eco-sensitive-zones","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/27-04-2023\/scs-modified-judgment-on-eco-sensitive-zones","title":{"rendered":"SC\u2019s Modified Judgment on Eco-sensitive Zones"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>In News<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Supreme Court has recently modified its judgment to have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>mandatory eco-sensitive zones (ESZ) around protected forests<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>More about the news<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The previous judgment of SC:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On June 3, 2022, the apex court had ordered the 1-km buffer zone for protected areas to act as a \u201cshock absorber\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Its judgment was to have mandatory <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/current-affairs\/15-10-2022\/eco-sensitive-zone-esz\">Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ)<\/a><\/strong> of a minimum one kilometre around protected forests, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries across the country.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Issue:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, the Centre and several States, including Kerala, had returned to the apex court seeking modification of the June 2022 judgment, saying the judicial direction affected hundreds of villages in the peripheries of forests.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Apex court\u2019s opinion:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Agreeing, the court said \u201cthe purpose of declaring ESZs is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>not to hamper the day-to-day activities of the citizens<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. If the direction as issued is continued, it would certainly hamper the day-to-day activities of the citizens residing in ESZs. As such, we find that the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>direction needs to be modified<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Modified judgment:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">SC Bench reasoned that ESZ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>cannot be uniform across the country<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>has to be \u201cprotected area-specific\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The court said a stringent observance of the June 2022 judgment would cause more harm than good. For one, man-animal conflict would only increase rather than abate.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ)<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) are areas in India notified by the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), GoI<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> around<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Protected Areas, National Park and Wildlife sanctuaries<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Range:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All identified areas around Protected Areas and wildlife corridors to be declared as ecologically fragile under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (National Wildlife Action Plan, 2002-2016).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Eco-sensitive zones <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>could go up to 10 Kms around Protected Areas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In cases where sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important patches, crucial for landscape linkage, are even beyond 10 Kms width.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Further, Eco-sensitive zones <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>may not be uniform all around <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">and it could be <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>variable in width and extent<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Prohibited activities:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Activities like industries that cause pollution Commercial mining, saw mills, establishment of major hydroelectric projects (HEP), commercial use of wood, Tourism, discharge of effluents or any solid waste or production of hazardous substances are all prohibited.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Regulated activities:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Activities like felling of trees, establishment of hotels and resorts, commercial use of natural water, erection of electrical cables, drastic change of agriculture system, e.g. adoption of heavy technology, pesticides etc., widening of roads.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Permitted activities:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Activities like ongoing agricultural or horticultural practices, rainwater harvesting, organic farming, use of renewable energy sources, adoption of green technology for all activities are permitted.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Significance of Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ)<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Conservation:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ESZs help in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> in-situ conservation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, which deals with conservation of an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>endangered species<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> in its natural habitat.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, the conservation of the One-horned Rhino of Kaziranga National Park, Assam.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They minimize forest depletion and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>man-animal conflict<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Buffer zone:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The protected areas are based on the core and buffer model of management, through which local area communities are also protected and benefitted.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ESZs are created as \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>shock absorbers<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201d for the protected areas, to minimize the negative impact on the \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>fragile ecosystems<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201d by certain human activities taking place nearby.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These areas are meant to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>act as a transition zone<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> from areas requiring higher protection to those requiring lesser protection.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mitigating climate change:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Biodiversity and climate change are interconnected. Creation of <strong>Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ)s<\/strong> may help in <strong>reducing the rise in temperature<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Significance of Recent Judgment:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It can lead to more sustainable development.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Tribal rights <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">will also be protected with the recent judgment i.e., their culture, diversity etc will be preserved.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Criticisms<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Doubts on the methods used:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The order is criticised for not using a scientific basis for the declaration.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">According to experts, an ESZ should only be declared evolved through participatory planning exercises.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Settlements around protected areas:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One km area around PA is likely to have low-income housing colonies, historical monuments and livelihood use areas like river floodplains.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the case of Kerala, there is a high density of human population near the notified protected areas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Topographical differences:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are several habitat types like mountains, grasslands, forests, oceans. But the order does not mention that.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In case of Sundarbans, the whole area is eco-sensitive. It is difficult to enforce a 1 km boundary in marine space that is interconnected.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The destruction of nature in the name of development cannot be allowed to continue.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Way Ahead<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The declaration of protected areas should be a participatory planning process.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Centre needs to come up with a plan to incentivise farmers for sticking to green practices in Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Communities living around Protected Areas in several states should promote the conservation of Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 606px;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #fff2cc; vertical-align: top; width: 606px; border: 1px solid #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Protected Areas of India<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Protected areas are those in which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>human occupation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> or at least the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>exploitation of resources<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> is limited.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organisations involved.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The term &#8220;protected area&#8221; also includes:<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Marine Protected Areas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: circle;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Transboundary Protected Areas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source: <\/span><\/span><\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/sc-modifies-order-on-eco-sensitive-zone-around-national-parks-sanctuaries-8577808\/#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20Wednesday%20modified,important%20infrastructure%20in%20those%20areas.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"color: #1155cc;\"><u>IE<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In News\u00a0 The Supreme Court has recently modified its judgment to have mandatory eco-sensitive zones (ESZ) around protected forests. More about the news The previous judgment of SC:\u00a0 On June 3, 2022, the apex court had ordered the 1-km buffer zone for protected areas to act as a \u201cshock absorber\u201d. Its judgment was to have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1308,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[36,60,26],"class_list":["post-1307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-current-affairs","tag-conservation","tag-environmental-pollution-degradation","tag-gs-3"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/ca\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3546246Screenshot_6.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1307"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1307\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}