{"id":8820,"date":"2024-06-21T12:42:46","date_gmt":"2024-06-21T12:42:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/?p=8820"},"modified":"2024-06-21T13:01:59","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T13:01:59","slug":"urban-local-government","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Urban Local Government in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><strong>Urban Local Governments<\/strong> are a cornerstone of India&#8217;s democratic structure. Aimed at empowering urban communities and promoting participatory democracy, various types of Urban Local Government have been set up in India as per the socio-economic development needs of an urban area. This <strong>article of NEXT IAS<\/strong> aims to study in detail various <strong>types of Urban Local Governments in India,<\/strong> including Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area Committee, Town Area Committee, Cantonment Board, Township, Port Trust, and Special Purpose Agency.<\/em><\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_56_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#What_is_Urban_Local_Government\" title=\"What is Urban Local Government?\">What is Urban Local Government?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Types_of_Urban_Local_Government\" title=\"Types of Urban Local Government\">Types of Urban Local Government<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Municipal_Corporation\" title=\"Municipal Corporation\">Municipal Corporation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Establishment_of_Municipal_Corporation\" title=\"Establishment of Municipal Corporation\">Establishment of Municipal Corporation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Composition_of_Municipal_Corporation\" title=\"Composition of Municipal Corporation\">Composition of Municipal Corporation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Council\" title=\"Council\">Council<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Mayor\" title=\"Mayor\">Mayor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Deputy_Mayor\" title=\"Deputy Mayor\">Deputy Mayor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Councillors\" title=\"Councillors\">Councillors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Nominated_Persons\" title=\"Nominated Persons\">Nominated Persons<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Standing_Committees\" title=\"Standing Committees\">Standing Committees<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Municipal_Commissioner\" title=\"Municipal Commissioner\">Municipal Commissioner<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Municipality\" title=\"Municipality\">Municipality<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Establishment_of_Municipality\" title=\"Establishment of Municipality\">Establishment of Municipality<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Composition_of_Municipality\" title=\"Composition of Municipality\">Composition of Municipality<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Council-2\" title=\"Council\">Council<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#President_or_Chairman\" title=\"President or Chairman\">President or Chairman<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Vice_President_or_Vice_Chairman\" title=\"Vice President or Vice Chairman\">Vice President or Vice Chairman<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Councillors-2\" title=\"Councillors\">Councillors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Standing_Committees-2\" title=\"Standing Committees\">Standing Committees<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Chief_Executive_Officer_CEO_or_Chief_Municipal_Officer_CMO\" title=\"Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chief Municipal Officer (CMO)\">Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chief Municipal Officer (CMO)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Notified_Area_Committee\" title=\"Notified Area Committee\">Notified Area Committee<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Town_Area_Committee\" title=\"Town Area Committee\">Town Area Committee<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Cantonment Board\">Cantonment Board<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Establishment_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Establishment of Cantonment Board\">Establishment of Cantonment Board<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Composition_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Composition of Cantonment Board\">Composition of Cantonment Board<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Members_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Members of Cantonment Board\">Members of Cantonment Board<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#President_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"President of Cantonment Board\">President of Cantonment Board<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Vice-President_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Vice-President of Cantonment Board\">Vice-President of Cantonment Board<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Executive_Officer_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Executive Officer of Cantonment Board\">Executive Officer of Cantonment Board<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Functions_of_Cantonment_Board\" title=\"Functions of Cantonment Board\">Functions of Cantonment Board<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Categorization_of_Cantonment_Boards\" title=\"Categorization of Cantonment Boards\">Categorization of Cantonment Boards<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Township\" title=\"Township\">Township<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Port_Trust\" title=\"Port Trust\">Port Trust<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Establishment_of_Port_Trust\" title=\"Establishment of Port Trust\">Establishment of Port Trust<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Composition_of_Port_Trust\" title=\"Composition of Port Trust\">Composition of Port Trust<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Functions_of_Port_Trust\" title=\"Functions of Port Trust\">Functions of Port Trust<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Special_Purpose_Agency\" title=\"Special Purpose Agency\">Special Purpose Agency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Significance_of_Urban_Local_Government\" title=\"Significance of Urban Local Government\">Significance of Urban Local Government<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/urban-local-government\/#Who_is_the_father_of_Local_self-government_in_India\" title=\"Who is the father of Local self-government in India?\">Who is the father of Local self-government in India?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Urban Areas hold special significance for a country like India. These areas act as engines of growth and provide doors to a higher standard of living and upward social mobility. Thus, ensuring their efficient governance is imperative. In order to achieve this objective, various types of Urban Local Government have been established in India.   <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4e33d2206fbc3db9c42c1d0dd193838d\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Urban_Local_Government\"><\/span><strong>What is Urban Local Government?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Urban Local Government, also known as Municipalities, refers to the <strong>system of \u2018Urban Local Self-Governance\u2019<\/strong> in India i.e. a system of governance of Urban Areas through the representatives elected by the people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They have been established in urban areas across all States as the <strong>third tier of government,<\/strong> aiming to build <strong>democracy at the local level.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This system ensures that urban populations participate directly in the decision-making process, thereby enhancing the <strong>effectiveness and accountability of urban development initiatives.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Read our detailed article on Urban Local Government.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c74bc9fa61466de09cd5fa8985a78d44\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Urban_Local_Government\"><\/span><strong>Types of Urban Local Government<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Broadly, the following 8 types of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) have been created in India to administer and govern the urban areas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Municipal Corporation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Municipality,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Notified Area Committee,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Town Area Committee,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cantonment Board,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Township,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Port Trust, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Special Purpose Agency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All these types of Urban Local Bodies are discussed in detail in the sections that follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a5c50acf1c5cf9f1d3ede62af8808dfe\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Municipal_Corporation\"><\/span><strong>Municipal Corporation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Municipal Corporation is a type of <strong>Urban Local Body (ULB),<\/strong> created for the <strong>administration of large cities or metropolitan areas.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f9f014d0ffec5e9f5a1d5bbf5f984673\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Establishment_of_Municipal_Corporation\"><\/span><strong>Establishment of Municipal Corporation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Municipal Corporations are established by the <strong>Acts of the concerned State Legislatures in the respective States,<\/strong> and by the <strong>Acts of the Parliament of India in the respective Union Territories.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There may be one common Act for all Municipal Corporations in a State or a separate act for each Municipal Corporation in a State.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8ac6737c162469237dcbbaba02579747\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_Municipal_Corporation\"><\/span><strong>Composition of Municipal Corporation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A Municipal Corporation <strong>consists of the following three authorities:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Council,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standing Committees, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Municipal Commissioner.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Council\"><\/span><strong>Council<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Council is the <strong>deliberative and legislative wing <\/strong>of a Municipal Corporation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It, usually, consists of the following members:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mayor\"><\/span><strong>Mayor<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Council is headed by a Mayor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In a majority of states, the Mayor is elected for a one-year renewable term.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/she is also the <strong>formal head of the Municipal Corporation.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The May is <strong>mostly an ornamental figure,<\/strong> and his\/her main function is to <strong>preside over the meetings of the Council.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deputy_Mayor\"><\/span><strong>Deputy Mayor<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Mayor is assisted by a Deputy Mayor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Councillors\"><\/span><strong>Councillors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Council consists of the <strong>Councillors<\/strong>, which are <strong>directly elected by the people.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nominated_Persons\"><\/span><strong>Nominated Persons<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Council also consists of <strong>some nominated members.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Usually, persons <strong>having knowledge or experience in Municipal administration <\/strong>are nominated as its members.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Standing_Committees\"><\/span><strong>Standing Committees<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Standing Committees are, basically, <strong>smaller groups within the Council that focus on specific areas<\/strong> like sanitation, finance, or infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Standing Committees are created to facilitate the working of the Council, which is too large in size.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One Standing Committee is constituted to make decisions and oversee works related to one particular area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Municipal_Commissioner\"><\/span><strong>Municipal Commissioner<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Municipal Commissioner is the <strong>Chief Executive Authority (CEA) of the Municipal Corporation<\/strong> and is responsible <strong>for the implementation of the decisions taken by the Council and its Standing Committees.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/she is <strong>generally a member of the IAS and is appointed by the State Government.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e23c8bf8585ef8765fbd69ac23360bfe\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Municipality\"><\/span><strong>Municipality<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/municipalities\/\">Municipality <\/a>is a type of <strong>Urban Local Body (ULB),<\/strong> which is responsible for the <strong>administration of smaller cities and towns.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Municipalities are also known by various <strong>other names<\/strong>, such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Municipal Council,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Municipal Committee,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Municipal Board,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Borough Municipality,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>City Municipality, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c1884a1ac0322fac225e23254b5b7dc2\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Establishment_of_Municipality\"><\/span><strong>Establishment of Municipality<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Similar to Municipal Corporations, the Municipalities are also established by the <strong>Acts of the concerned State Legislatures in the respective States,<\/strong> and by the <strong>Acts of the Parliament of India in the respective Union Territories.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c6ed992fb69fe7bf526f1e474d80cb48\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_Municipality\"><\/span><strong>Composition of Municipality<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Similar to Municipal Corporations, the <strong>Municipality also consists of the following three authorities:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Council,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standing Committees, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chief Municipal Officer (CMO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Council-2\"><\/span><strong>Council<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Council is the <strong>deliberative and legislative wing<\/strong> of the Municipality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It, usually, consists of the following members:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"President_or_Chairman\"><\/span><strong>President or Chairman<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Council is headed by a President\/Chairman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unlike the Mayor in a Municipal Corporation, the President\/Chairman of a Municipality is <strong>not just an ornamental figure and plays a significant role.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The President\/Chairman <strong>presides over the meetings<\/strong> of the Council and <strong>also enjoys executive powers.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vice_President_or_Vice_Chairman\"><\/span><strong>Vice President or Vice Chairman<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The President\/Chairman is assisted by a Vice President\/Vice-Chairman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Councillors-2\"><\/span><strong>Councillors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Council also consists of the <strong>Councillors<\/strong>, which are <strong>directly elected by the people.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Standing_Committees-2\"><\/span><strong>Standing Committees<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Standing Committees are, basically, <strong>smaller groups within the Council that focus on specific areas<\/strong> like sanitation, finance, or infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Standing Committees are created to facilitate the working of the Council, which is too large in size.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One Standing Committee is constituted to make decisions and oversee works related to one particular area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chief_Executive_Officer_CEO_or_Chief_Municipal_Officer_CMO\"><\/span><strong>Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chief Municipal Officer (CMO)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Chief Executive Officer (CEO), also known as the Chief Municipal Officer (CMO), is responsible for the <strong>day-to-day general administration of the Municipality.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Chief Executive Officer\/Chief Municipal Officer is <strong>appointed by the State Government.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8b2b34c2aaf9ce9e3f4b50b5bb802c73\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Notified_Area_Committee\"><\/span><strong>Notified Area Committee<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Notified Area Committee (NAC) is a type of <strong>Urban Local Body (ULB),<\/strong> which is created for the <strong>administration of the following two types of urban areas:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a <strong>fast-developing town<\/strong> due to industrialization, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a town that <strong>does not yet fulfil all the conditions<\/strong> necessary for the constitution of a <strong>Municipality, but<\/strong> which otherwise is considered <strong>important <\/strong>by the State Government.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A Notified Area Committee is <strong>set up through a notification<\/strong> in the government gazette.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This is the <strong>reason it is called a Notified Area Committee.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A Notified Area Committee is an <strong>entirely nominated body, <\/strong>meaning all the members of a Notified Area Committee <strong>including the Chairman<\/strong> are nominated by the <strong>State Government.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, it is <strong>neither an Elected body nor a Statutory body.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A Notified Area Committee <strong>functions within the framework of the State Municipal Act.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>However, only those provisions of the act apply to it which are notified in the government gazette by which it is created.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moreover, it<strong> may also be entrusted to exercise powers under any other act.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overall, the <strong>powers of the Notified Area Committee are almost equivalent to those of a Municipality.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ceb94c77b8ffeb97d3a977f951ac1655\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Town_Area_Committee\"><\/span><strong>Town Area Committee<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Town Area Committee is a type of <strong>Urbal Local Body (ULB), <\/strong>which is set up for the <strong>administration of a small town.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A Town Area Committee is <strong>created by a separate Act of a State Legislature.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The composition, functions, and other matters of the Town Area Committee are governed by the same Act.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It may be <strong>wholly elected or wholly nominated<\/strong> by the State government or <strong>partly elected and partly nominated.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is a <strong>semi-municipal authority<\/strong> and is entrusted with a <strong>limited number of civic functions<\/strong> like drainage, roads, street lighting, and conservancy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f05df4427a23dc560a025ad9fff57181\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Cantonment Board is a type of Urban Local Body (ULB), which is established for the <strong>Municipal Administration of the civilian population in a Cantonment Area.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>A <strong>Cantonment Area<\/strong> in India is a specific type of zone that houses <strong>military establishments and their associated civilian population<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aca5794cba623294f19fb75273768bb9\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Establishment_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Establishment of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Cantonment Board is <strong>set up under<\/strong> the provisions of the <strong>Cantonments Act of 2006<\/strong> enacted by the Center and works under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Defence of the Central Government.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, <strong>unlike other types of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs),<\/strong> which are created and administered by the State Government, a Cantonment Board is <strong>created and administered by the Central Government.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0c708b58fabff9f65912ccd92ac1f49a\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Composition of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A Cantonment Board, usually, consists of the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Members_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Members of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A Cantonment Board consists of some <strong>elected members<\/strong> as well as some <strong>nominated members.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Elected Members<\/strong>: The elected members of the Cantonment Board hold office for a <strong>term of five years.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nominated Members<\/strong>: The nominated members of the Cantonment Board are, basically, <strong>ex-officio members, <\/strong>and continue<strong> so long as they hold the office in that station.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"President_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>President of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>Military Officer commanding the station <\/strong>is the <strong>Ex-Officio President of the Cantonment Board.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/she <strong>presides over its meetings.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vice-President_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Vice-President of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Vice-President of a Cantonment Board is <strong>elected by the elected members from amongst themselves<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Vice-President is elected for a <strong>term of five years.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Executive_Officer_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Executive Officer of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Executive Officer of the Cantonment Board is <strong>appointed by the President of India.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/she <strong>implements all the resolutions and decisions<\/strong> of the Cantonment Board and its committees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/she <strong>belongs to the Central Cadre<\/strong> established for the purpose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5b893019901f8a22cfbb88dbd6a8d606\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions_of_Cantonment_Board\"><\/span><strong>Functions of Cantonment Board<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>functions <\/strong>performed by a Cantonment Board are <strong>similar to those of a Municipality.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These functions are statutorily <strong>categorized <\/strong>into <strong>\u2018Obligatory Functions\u2019 and \u2018Discretionary Functions\u2019.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-704ff88f513223f109fb1aee0a70e26b\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Categorization_of_Cantonment_Boards\"><\/span><strong>Categorization of Cantonment Boards<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Based on the civilian population<\/strong>, the Cantonment Boards are categorized into the<strong> following 4 categories:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfnGg2jPTBsOPow3og9pPEu_BgQ-uds-GgZYNoh4fcsTlPhBBpO5e22-qmt8sq37aAAqHeqGnRPAAD2iUuZAN1Cn0idOck6fThfaomcDpFHGraf5sy4hrbObLng4vlf0hfLOiIB033htkWPcliIR_A9KdgY?key=02e-o88zY_bK6jn9i1z_Dg\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-af95a65de603c644db45ae8771865d0b\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Township\"><\/span><strong>Township<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Township is a type of <strong>Urban Local Body (ULB)<\/strong> that is <strong>established by large public enterprises to provide civic amenities to its staff and workers<\/strong> who live in the housing colonies built near the plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A Township form of government has <strong>no elected member<\/strong> and rather functions as an extension of the bureaucratic structure of the public enterprise.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Public Enterprise appoints a Town Administrator<\/strong> to look after the administration of the township.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Town Administrator is assisted by some engineers and other technical and non-technical staff.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90cfc99cdaab11510e8f948edf9285aa\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Port_Trust\"><\/span><strong>Port Trust<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Port Trust is a type of <strong>Urban Local Body (ULB), <\/strong>which is <strong>established in port areas for the following two purposes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>to manage and protect the ports, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to provide civic amenities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b28b850ce55d26aa5e6625a6469efbd6\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Establishment_of_Port_Trust\"><\/span><strong>Establishment of Port Trust<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Port Trust is <strong>created by an Act of the Parliament.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, it is a<strong> statutory body.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d95fd303fab864d75fad9b9d95f89c46\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_Port_Trust\"><\/span><strong>Composition of Port Trust<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Port Trust consists of <strong>both elected and nominated members.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Chairman <\/strong>of Port Trust is <strong>an official.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9f725131ba98d5c0bc5178f482620a75\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions_of_Port_Trust\"><\/span><strong>Functions of Port Trust<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The civic functions of a Port Trust are <strong>more or less similar to those of a Municipality.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-fe118aa3093dd9e7eac3e32a030782b5\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Special_Purpose_Agency\"><\/span><strong>Special Purpose Agency<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Special Purpose Agency (SPA) is a type of <strong>Urban Local Body (ULB) <\/strong>that is established by the State <strong>to undertake designated activities or specific functions that &#8216;legitimately&#8217; belong to the domain of Municipal Corporations or Municipalities or other Local Urban Governments.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, a Special Purpose Agency (SPA) is a <strong>function-based Urban Local Body (ULB).<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This is what makes it different from <strong>other types of Urban Local Government Bodies,<\/strong> which are <strong>area-based.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is because of their specific function-based creation, they are known as <strong>\u2018Special Purpose Agency\u2019, &#8216;Single Purpose Agency&#8217;, &#8216;Uni-Purpose Agency&#8217;, or &#8216;Functional Local Bodies&#8217;.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some <strong>prominent examples<\/strong> of Special Purpose Agencies are:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Water Supply and Sewerage Boards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Housing Boards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electricity Supply Boards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>City Transport Boards, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are <strong>established as \u2018Departments\u2019<\/strong> by an Executive Resolution or the <strong>\u2018Statutory Bodies\u2019 <\/strong>by an Act of the State Legislature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They function as <strong>Autonomous Bodies<\/strong> and deal with the <strong>functions allotted to them independently<\/strong> of the Local Urban Governments (Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, etc).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Thus, they are <strong>not subordinate agencies<\/strong> of the local Municipal bodies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56da54d3da001d030417884a04c9ef5c\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Significance_of_Urban_Local_Government\"><\/span><strong>Significance of Urban Local Government<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As the third tier of the government in India, the Urban Local Government carries multifarious significance as can be seen as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They <strong>effectively decentralize urban governance,<\/strong> transferring powers and responsibilities to the local level.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are pivotal in <strong>transforming representative democracy into participatory democracy<\/strong> in urban areas, involving citizens in the decision-making processes for urban development and management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ULBs <strong>empower local urban communities by engaging them directly in governance and development activities,<\/strong> allowing for more inclusive and localized decision-making.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reservations for marginalized groups<\/strong> like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in Municipalities ensure their <strong>political empowerment<\/strong> and enhance their representation in urban governance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Municipalities bring governance closer to urban residents,<\/strong> making the administration more responsive to local needs, problems, and aspirations, and improving civic engagement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Municipalities <strong>enhance the efficiency of public service delivery and the implementation of urban development programs,<\/strong> addressing local issues and infrastructural needs more effectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Municipalities <strong>provide a platform for emerging urban leadership,<\/strong> nurturing their administrative and managerial capabilities, and preparing them for higher responsibilities in urban governance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d0adc4bd9eb2e9b9b187dc32f0e06642\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Various types of Urban Local Government have emerged as the cornerstone of India&#8217;s decentralized governance framework, embodying the country&#8217;s commitment to empowering local communities and strengthening grassroots democracy. Each type of urban local body plays a crucial role in the holistic development of the urban areas they serve. As India navigates the challenges of rapid urbanization, empowering these diverse local government entities will be vital in ensuring the provision of essential services, infrastructure development, and the enhancement of the overall quality of life for urban residents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-618812723183593a2c916a1fd5800128\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1718973115549\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_is_the_father_of_Local_self-government_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Who is the father of Local self-government in India?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Lord Ripon is regarded as the father of local self-government in India.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Urban Local Governments are a cornerstone of India&#8217;s democratic structure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":8823,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[71],"class_list":["post-8820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-polity","tag-gs-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8820","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8820"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8820\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8828,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8820\/revisions\/8828"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8823"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8820"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8820"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}