{"id":6801,"date":"2025-09-02T12:28:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T12:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/?p=6801"},"modified":"2025-09-03T14:02:46","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T14:02:46","slug":"national-income","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/","title":{"rendered":"National Income: Meaning, Measures, Accounting Methods &amp; More"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><strong>National Income (NI)<\/strong> is a fundamental concept in economics, acting as a key metric for gauging a country&#8217;s economic performance. As an important economic metric of a nation, it influences policy decisions, investment considerations, and socio-economic planning. This <strong>article of NEXT IAS<\/strong> aims to study in detail the concept of National Income (NI), its measures including Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP), methods employed to compute it, and other related concepts.<\/em><\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_56_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#What_is_National_Income_NI\" title=\"What is National Income (NI)?\">What is National Income (NI)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#What_is_National_Income_Accounting\" title=\"What is National Income Accounting?\">What is National Income Accounting?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Basic_Concepts_Related_to_National_Income_Accounting\" title=\"Basic Concepts Related to National Income Accounting\">Basic Concepts Related to National Income Accounting<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Circular_Flow_of_Income\" title=\"Circular Flow of Income\">Circular Flow of Income<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Domestic_Economic_Territory\" title=\"Domestic\/ Economic Territory\">Domestic\/ Economic Territory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Market_Price_MP\" title=\"Market Price (MP)\">Market Price (MP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Factor_Cost_FC\" title=\"Factor Cost (FC)\">Factor Cost (FC)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Nominal_Price_or_Current_Price\" title=\"Nominal Price or Current Price\">Nominal Price or Current Price<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Base_Price_or_Constant_Price\" title=\"Base Price or Constant Price\">Base Price or Constant Price<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Depreciation\" title=\"Depreciation\">Depreciation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Net_Factor_Income_from_Abroad_NFIA\" title=\"Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)\">Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Transfer_Payments\" title=\"Transfer Payments\">Transfer Payments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Capital_Output_Ratio_COR\" title=\"Capital Output Ratio (COR)\">Capital Output Ratio (COR)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Incremental_Capital_Output_Ratio_ICOR\" title=\"Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)\">Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Measures_of_National_Income_NI\" title=\"Measures of National Income (NI)\">Measures of National Income (NI)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP\" title=\"Gross Domestic Product (GDP)\">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#GDP_at_Market_Price_GDPMP\" title=\"GDP at Market Price (GDPMP)\">GDP at Market Price (GDPMP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#GDP_at_Factor_Cost_GDPFC\" title=\"GDP at Factor Cost (GDPFC)\">GDP at Factor Cost (GDPFC)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Gross_National_Product_GNP\" title=\"Gross National Product (GNP)\">Gross National Product (GNP)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Difference_between_GDP_and_GNP\" title=\"Difference between GDP and GNP\">Difference between GDP and GNP<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Real_GDP_Vs_Nominal_GDP\" title=\"Real GDP Vs Nominal GDP\">Real GDP Vs Nominal GDP<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Real_GDP\" title=\"Real GDP\">Real GDP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Nominal_GDP\" title=\"Nominal GDP\">Nominal GDP<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#GDP_Deflator\" title=\"GDP Deflator\">GDP Deflator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Gross_Value_Added_GVA\" title=\"Gross Value Added (GVA)\">Gross Value Added (GVA)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Difference_between_GVA_and_GDP\" title=\"Difference between GVA and GDP\">Difference between GVA and GDP<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Net_National_Income_NNI\" title=\"Net National Income (NNI)\">Net National Income (NNI)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Net_Domestic_Product_NDP\" title=\"Net Domestic Product (NDP)\">Net Domestic Product (NDP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Net_National_Product_NNP\" title=\"Net National Product (NNP)\">Net National Product (NNP)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Methods_of_Computing_National_Income_NI\" title=\"Methods of Computing National Income (NI)\">Methods of Computing National Income (NI)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Income_Method\" title=\"Income Method\">Income Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Product_or_Value_Added_Method\" title=\"Product or Value Added Method\">Product or Value Added Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Expenditure_Method\" title=\"Expenditure Method\">Expenditure Method<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#New_GDP_Series\" title=\"New GDP Series\">New GDP Series<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Difficulties_in_Estimating_NI\" title=\"Difficulties in Estimating NI\">Difficulties in Estimating NI<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Conceptual_Difficulties\" title=\"Conceptual Difficulties\">Conceptual Difficulties<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Statistical_or_Practical_Difficulties\" title=\"Statistical or Practical Difficulties\">Statistical or Practical Difficulties<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Shortcomings_of_GDP\" title=\"Shortcomings of GDP\">Shortcomings of GDP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Alternatives_to_GDP\" title=\"Alternatives to GDP\">Alternatives to GDP<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Genuine_Progress_Indicator_GPI\" title=\"Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)\">Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Gross_National_Happiness_GNH\" title=\"Gross National Happiness (GNH)\">Gross National Happiness (GNH)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Gross_Sustainable_Development_Product_GSDP\" title=\"Gross Sustainable Development Product (GSDP)\">Gross Sustainable Development Product (GSDP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Human_Development_Index_HDI\" title=\"Human Development Index (HDI)\">Human Development Index (HDI)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Social_Progress_Index_SPI\" title=\"Social Progress Index (SPI)\">Social Progress Index (SPI)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Human_Capital_Index_HCI\" title=\"Human Capital Index (HCI)\">Human Capital Index (HCI)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Green_GDP\" title=\"Green GDP\">Green GDP<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#FAQs_on_National_Income\" title=\"FAQs on National Income\">FAQs on National Income<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#How_to_calculate_National_Income\" title=\"How to calculate National Income?\">How to calculate National Income?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Who_calculates_Indias_National_Income\" title=\"Who calculates India\u2019s National Income?\">Who calculates India\u2019s National Income?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Who_calculates_national_income_in_India\" title=\"Who calculates national income in India?\">Who calculates national income in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/national-income\/#Which_of_the_following_implies_national_income\" title=\"Which of the following implies national income?\">Which of the following implies national income?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5012e2f2f1a22375aa77f0b51a557a66\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_National_Income_NI\"><\/span><strong>What is National Income (NI)?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It refers to the aggregate value of all the final goods and services produced in a country in a particular period of time (usually one financial year).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-822d814db713540735eb6453e5a9b500\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_National_Income_Accounting\"><\/span><strong>What is National Income Accounting?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a bookkeeping system that a national government uses to measure the level of the country\u2019s economic activity in a given time period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9a11715254960050a2f05b3322761e9c\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Basic_Concepts_Related_to_National_Income_Accounting\"><\/span><strong>Basic Concepts Related to National Income Accounting<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding the concepts of National Income (NI) and National Income Accounting requires understanding some related concepts. These concepts are dealt with in the sections that follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6116ba1c0c510e32ff0961965cc474f8\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Circular_Flow_of_Income\"><\/span><strong>Circular Flow of Income<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The circular flow of income is a model of the economy in which major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods, services, etc. among the economic agents. As per this model, <strong>money <\/strong>and <strong>goods &amp; services<\/strong> <strong>flow <\/strong>in the <strong>opposite direction but<\/strong> move <strong>in a closed circuit.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"448\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-8.png\" alt=\"circular flow of income\" class=\"wp-image-6814\" style=\"width:376px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-8.png 448w, https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-8-299x258.png 299w, https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-8-150x130.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Production, consumption, and investment are important economic activities of an economy. In carrying out these economic activities, people make transactions between different sectors of the economy. Because of these transactions, income and expenditure move in a circular form. This is called the circular flow of income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e47460ae224c4cb7eb100984a1e5060d\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Domestic_Economic_Territory\"><\/span><strong>Domestic\/ Economic Territory<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It refers to the geographical territory administered by the Government of India within which the person, goods, and capital can circulate freely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: Foreign embassies located in India are NOT a part of domestic\/economic territory. However, Indian embassies located abroad are a part of domestic\/economic territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b95df194ef0e4c74e5e511dd34bdbb72\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Market_Price_MP\"><\/span><strong>Market Price (MP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Market Price (MP) refers to the price that a consumer pays for the product while purchasing it from the seller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In other words, it is the <strong>price at which a product is sold in the market.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Market Price (MP) <strong>includes indirect taxes<\/strong> (as they are added to the selling price) and <strong>excludes subsidies received<\/strong> (as they are deducted from the selling price).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d03328222247319c26eb651e68a7dcb5\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factor_Cost_FC\"><\/span><strong>Factor Cost (FC)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Factor Cost (FC) refers to the cost of factors of production that are incurred by a firm when producing goods and services.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In other words, it is the <strong>cost of producing a good or service.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Factor Cost (FC) <strong>excludes indirect taxes<\/strong> (since they are not related to the production process) but <strong>includes subsidies received<\/strong> (as these are direct inputs into the production).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Factor Cost (FC) = Market Price \u2013 Indirect Taxes + Subsidy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45e7dd37d4904a7096a66735428c6e20\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nominal_Price_or_Current_Price\"><\/span><strong>Nominal Price or Current Price<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The market price of any good or service in the current year is called the Nominal Price or Current Price. Since inflation is included in the current market price, the Nominal Price or Current Price changes as per the current level of inflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7298452f964fe8640fb7fd4fe85c5aa9\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Base_Price_or_Constant_Price\"><\/span><strong>Base Price or Constant Price<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to compare the National Income of various years, it is calculated with reference to a particular year. This reference year is called the <strong>Base Year, <\/strong>and the market price of any good or service in the base year is called the Base Price or Constant Price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-07fd46274f1fe37ba7b3a5dbf2e22a71\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Depreciation\"><\/span><strong>Depreciation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Depreciation, also known as the Consumption of Fixed Capital, refers to the loss in value of fixed assets due to wear and tear, accidental damages, and obsolescence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9ea56fea5912134bceb42d7ccb914e79\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Net_Factor_Income_from_Abroad_NFIA\"><\/span><strong>Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) is equal to the difference between factor income (rent, wages, interest, and profit) earned by normal residents of India temporarily residing abroad and factor income earned by non-residents temporarily residing in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>NFIA = Factor Income from Abroad to India &#8211; Factor Income from India to Abroad<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7afe71eed34df1479aa9beb1991fef85\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transfer_Payments\"><\/span><strong>Transfer Payments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transfer Payments refer to those unilateral payments corresponding to which there is no exchange of goods or services.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples: scholarships, gifts, donations, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transfer payments are not included in National Income (NI).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9405b5ed7d0bf698b6cd7a98b2af88fe\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capital_Output_Ratio_COR\"><\/span><strong>Capital Output Ratio (COR)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Capital Output Ratio (COR) refers to the amount of capital (investment) needed to produce one unit of output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Capital Output Ratio (COR) = Capital\/Output<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Capital Output Ratio (COR) <strong>reflects <\/strong>the <strong>level of efficiency<\/strong> in an economy. The higher the COR, the more capital is required to produce, and hence less efficiency is there in the economy, and vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b287d28e25ae8a5ba1f57389798962e2\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Incremental_Capital_Output_Ratio_ICOR\"><\/span><strong>Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) refers to the additional unit of capital (investment) needed to produce an additional unit of output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) = Incremental Capital\/Incremental Output.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6385186f8dbdeb5b803c9f865569f40d\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measures_of_National_Income_NI\"><\/span><strong>Measures of National Income (NI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are various metrics for measuring the NI, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gross National Product (GNP), etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These measures are discussed in detail in the sections that follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9e30cc689534a8a4d740e355f440ff70\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/strong> measures the aggregate production of <strong>final goods and services<\/strong> taking place <strong>within the domestic economy <\/strong>during a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Two key phrases here are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Final Goods and Services:<\/strong> It means that only the final, and not the intermediate, goods and services are taken into account for the calculation of GDP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Within the Domestic Economy:<\/strong> It means that the produce of resident citizens as well as foreign nationals who reside within that geographical boundary is considered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92257430c41c41770850d76f4b0dd7e1\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GDP_at_Market_Price_GDPMP\"><\/span><strong>GDP at Market Price (GDPMP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP at Market Price (GDPMP) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a domestic territory of a country during one financial year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP at Market Price (GDPMP) <strong>includes indirect taxes <\/strong>but <strong>excludes subsidies.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0c1ad708625e5ce103f10ec003720975\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GDP_at_Factor_Cost_GDPFC\"><\/span><strong>GDP at Factor Cost (GDPFC)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP at Factor Cost (GDPFC) refers to the aggregate value of income earned from the factors of production i.e. Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship.<br>GDP at Factor Cost (GDPFC) <strong>excludes indirect taxes<\/strong> but <strong>includes subsidies.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>GDP at Factor Cost (GDPFC) = GDP at Market Price (GDPMP) &#8211; Indirect Taxes + Subsidies<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27247cbd2acf771c9630bea3716ad81f\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gross_National_Product_GNP\"><\/span><strong>Gross National Product (GNP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gross national product (GNP) is an estimate of the total value of all the <strong>final products<\/strong> <strong>and services<\/strong> produced in a given period by the production <strong>owned by a country\u2019s citizens. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Two key phrases here are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Final Goods and Services<\/strong>: It means that only the final, and not the intermediate, goods and services are taken into account for the calculation of GNP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Owned by a Country\u2019s Citizens<\/strong>: It means that the produce of resident as well as non-resident citizens of the country is considered, whereas that of the foreign nationals who reside within that geographical boundary of the country is NOT considered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Thus, GNP = GDP + Factor Income from Abroad to India &#8211; Factor Income from India to Abroad.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>= GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2e9dcf9ee18ac48beec84ca6812cf65c\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_between_GDP_and_GNP\"><\/span><strong>Difference between GDP and GNP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The major difference between GDP and GNP lies in how the two concepts define the economy. While GDP defines the economy in terms of territory, GNP defines it in terms of citizens.<br>Thus, GDP measures the aggregate production of <strong>final goods and services <\/strong>taking place <strong>within the domestic economy.<\/strong> On the other hand, GNP measures the total value of all the <strong>final products and services<\/strong> produced by the <strong>citizens of a country.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f2ffe0508ddb147e03cf20218b5a5a40\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Real_GDP_Vs_Nominal_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Real GDP Vs Nominal GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a7ca8470e1868e0735ac5fb1442b387d\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Real_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Real GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Real GDP refers to the total value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year, expressed in constant prices or base year\u2019s prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Thus, Real GDP = GDP at Constant Price.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d79ccdea27f208e8bd16125e93c1fb28\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nominal_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Nominal GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nominal GDP refers to the total value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year, expressed in current market prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Thus, Nominal GDP = GDP at Current Price.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is to be noted that Nominal GDP includes inflation, while Real GDP does not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-582e04b67051debeb70b3e287bcaa05d\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GDP_Deflator\"><\/span><strong>GDP Deflator<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The GDP Deflator refers to the ratio of Nominal GDP to Real GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Thus, GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP\/Real GDP<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a ratio of the NI calculated at the Current Price and that at a reference price, the GDP Deflator is an economic measure of inflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42bc77b95163a4454ec89fff3d74f6e0\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gross_Value_Added_GVA\"><\/span><strong>Gross Value Added (GVA)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gross value added (GVA) is defined as the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption. It represents the contribution of labor and capital to the production process. Thus, the value of GVA can be derived from the GDP as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>GVA = GDP &#8211; Indirect Taxes + Subsidies<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aee98098559d8597ddf4d5d9d95f3afa\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_between_GVA_and_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Difference between GVA and GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#ebecf0\"><thead><tr><th>GVA<\/th><th>GDP<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Value of all the goods and services produced within a country after deducting the value of intermediate goods and services.<\/td><td>Market value of all the final goods and services produced within the country.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gives insight into the economy from the input or supplier side.<\/td><td>Gives insight into the economy from the output or consumer side.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Generally, calculated on a sector-wise approach. e.g. GVA for the Primary Sector, Secondary Sector, etc.<\/td><td>Calculated for the whole economy.<br><strong><em>(GDP of economy = GVA of all the sectors)<\/em><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Generally, calculated at Basic Prices.<\/td><td>Generally, calculated at Market Prices.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27a62952f41b2e37e5e0db8c09bc2126\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Net_National_Income_NNI\"><\/span><strong>Net National Income (NNI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Net National Income (NNI) refers to Gross National Income minus the Depreciation of fixed capital assets. Thus, it takes into account the losses due to depreciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prominent metrics for measuring the Net National Income (NNI) are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Net Domestic Product (NDP), and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Net National Product (NNP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3be473be345939fac241c9a968f6c000\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Net_Domestic_Product_NDP\"><\/span><strong>Net Domestic Product (NDP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Net Domestic Product (NDP) is arrived at by deducting the depreciation from GDP. Thus,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Net Domestic Product = GDP &#8211; Depreciation.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8e4e45d0a9d1e686dbe6fecdc7dfb801\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Net_National_Product_NNP\"><\/span><strong>Net National Product (NNP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Net National Product (NNP) is calculated by subtracting the depreciation from GNP. Thus,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Net National Product = GNP &#8211; Depreciation.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ea78d5ac3af679f49e128d16790a5aed\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Methods_of_Computing_National_Income_NI\"><\/span><strong>Methods of Computing National Income (NI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>National Income (GDP or GNP) can be calculated by <strong>3 methods: <\/strong>Income Method, Expenditure Method, and Production Method.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"441\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2-5.png\" alt=\"Methods of Computing National Income (NI)\" class=\"wp-image-6815\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2-5.png 441w, https:\/\/wp-images.nextias.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/format=auto\/blog\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2-5-150x39.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b20963ad4473de0c25cc48ecfa8c3d62\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Income_Method\"><\/span><strong>Income Method<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Under this method, NI is obtained by summing up the incomes of all individuals in an economy.<br>Individuals earn incomes by contributing their own services and the services of their property such as land and capital to the national production.<br>Thus,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>National Income (NI) = Employee compensation + Corporate profits + Proprietors\u2019 Income + Rental income + Net Interest<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111261086ff01183b92d1689f0ca675f\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Product_or_Value_Added_Method\"><\/span><strong>Product or Value Added Method<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This is also called <strong>\u201cOutput Method\u201d. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under this method, NI is computed by adding the values of output produced or services rendered by the different sectors of the economy during the year.<br>It is to be noted that while computing the values of output figures, only the value added by each firm in the production process is taken into account. Thus, this method makes use of the <strong>concept of Value-added.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12b6e8ea109214590c76e610557588e3\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Expenditure_Method\"><\/span><strong>Expenditure Method<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also called<strong> \u2018Total Outlay Method\u2019.<br><\/strong>This method assumes that the income earned by an individual is either spent on consumer goods\/services or saved and invested.<br>Thus,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>National Income (NI) = Personal Consumption Expenditure (C) + Investments (I) + Government Expenditure (G) + Exports (X) &#8211; Imports (I)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43f570caf737ab880c7cead19244d858\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"New_GDP_Series\"><\/span><strong>New GDP Series<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) launched a new series of GDP in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Major changes<\/strong> that have been made to the methodology of GDP calculation are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Change in Base Year<\/strong>: The base year has been changed from 2004-05 to 2011-12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Factor Costs Replaced with Market Prices:<\/strong> The old series of GDP used Factor Costs for calculating GDP. The new series used market prices for calculating GDP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Widening of Data Pool<\/strong>: Previous data was sampled from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), which comprised about two lakh factories. The new database draws from the five lakh odd companies registered with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA21).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>While the earlier data gave only a factory-level picture, the new data looks at the enterprise level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These changes have led to a <strong>significant change in the GDP figures.<\/strong> For example, India\u2019s GDP growth rate for the financial year 2013-14 was 4.7% as per the old methodology, and 6.9% as per the new methodology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4ffb448ba8852eeb9e203bc209960b03\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difficulties_in_Estimating_NI\"><\/span><strong>Difficulties in Estimating NI<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Major problems faced while estimating NI can be studied under two heads &#8211; Conceptual Difficulties and Statistical or Practical Difficulties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47368b0c763f1bef2c095c0109580304\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conceptual_Difficulties\"><\/span><strong>Conceptual Difficulties<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The conceptual problem relates to how and what is to be included and what is not in the measurement of National Income (NI). Though the concept of NI implies that everything that is produced should be reckoned, by definition, we consider only those things that are exchanged for money or carry some price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to mitigate these difficulties, certain guidelines have been laid down about the process of National Income estimation, and about what components have to be included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10e37e876ee4daa2ee95780b11278f57\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistical_or_Practical_Difficulties\"><\/span><strong>Statistical or Practical Difficulties<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The lack of adequate statistical data due to flaws in extrapolation, and ineffective training of illiterate statistical staff, makes the task of National Income estimation more acute and difficult.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multiple counting is also an important problem while calculating NI.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India is a country with large regional diversities. Thus, different languages, customs, etc., also create a problem in computing the estimates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a1ed67a7f4c5260f302a58c214534f41\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shortcomings_of_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Shortcomings of GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP, as an indicator of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/economic-growth-economic-development\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/economic-growth-economic-development\/\">economic growth<\/a>, faces some shortcomings as explained below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It <strong>fails to measure the inequality<\/strong> status of a nation. Thus, it does not describe whether or not the people are truly benefitting from economic growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It <strong>does not take into account non-market transactions,<\/strong> such as volunteer work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Black markets and illegal activities<\/strong> create distortions in values and hence the figures of GDP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A large part of many undeveloped economies relies on <strong>barter trade<\/strong> (trade through swapping goods) rather than the employment of debt instruments and banknotes. GDP figures <strong>underestimate <\/strong>economic activities in such cases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GDP does not take into account the<strong> loss to the environment<\/strong> and hence undermines the concept of <strong>sustainable economic growth.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GDP <strong>fails to measure the actual well-being<\/strong> of a nation as it counts \u201cbads\u201d as well as \u201cgoods.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When an earthquake hits and requires rebuilding, GDP increases. Similarly, when someone gets sick and money is spent on their care, it\u2019s counted as part of GDP. But, we\u2019re not better off because of a destructive earthquake or people getting sick.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It <strong>does not measure the Happiness Level<\/strong> of a nation.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For example, GDP makes no adjustment for leisure time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6e9c74289dda73e8edfa14b3160d3dab\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alternatives_to_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Alternatives to GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to shortcomings of GDP to measure the welfare and well-being of the people, several other indicators have been proposed and are being used. Some of these indices are discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e05bd56f0f96d18201b44ddf45a8d90d\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genuine_Progress_Indicator_GPI\"><\/span><strong>Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is a metric that has been suggested to replace, or supplement GDP as a measure of economic growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It measures whether the environmental impact and social costs of economic production and consumption in a country are negative or positive factors in overall health and well-being.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72d6ca25a91bc220e9c60ccad070999c\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gross_National_Happiness_GNH\"><\/span><strong>Gross National Happiness (GNH)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gross National Happiness (GNH) attempts to measure the sum total not only of economic output but also of net environmental impacts, the spiritual and cultural growth of citizens, mental and physical health, and the strength of the corporate and political systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The term was <strong>first coined by <\/strong>Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the <strong>King of Bhutan<\/strong> in the early 1970s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f04c6a0a4f1f841f53f3d314a7b0cf5e\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gross_Sustainable_Development_Product_GSDP\"><\/span><strong>Gross Sustainable Development Product (GSDP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gross Sustainable Development Product (GSDP) measures the economic impacts of environmental and health degradation or improvement; resource depletion, depreciation; the impact of people&#8217;s activity on the environment; quality of environment, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has been developed by the Global Community Assessment Centre and the Society for World Sustainable Development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-013b6a5e5bf86cb20dea81e2120c49af\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Human_Development_Index_HDI\"><\/span><strong>Human Development Index (HDI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of <strong>average achievement in <\/strong>key dimensions of human development, viz:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Health<\/strong>: Measured through &#8211; Life expectancy at birth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Education<\/strong>: Measured through &#8211; Mean years of schooling, and Expected years of schooling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Standard of Living:<\/strong> Measured through &#8211; Gross National Income per capita on a PPP basis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was <strong>developed by<\/strong> Indian Economist <strong>Amartya Sen<\/strong> and Pakistani economist <strong>Mahbub ul Haq.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>published annually by<\/strong> the United Nations Development Programme (<strong>UNDP<\/strong>) as part of its Human Development Report.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-293cd8456e836f8714001932ffb45a69\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Progress_Index_SPI\"><\/span><strong>Social Progress Index (SPI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Social Progress Index (SPI) measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It focuses exclusively on indicators of social outcomes, rather than measuring inputs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has been developed by the Social Progress Imperative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-eff9a6e29039473bf34258615c242e15\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Human_Capital_Index_HCI\"><\/span><strong>Human Capital Index (HCI)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Human Capital Index seeks to measure the amount of human capital that a child can expect to attain by the age of 18.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It measures <strong>three components:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Survival<\/strong>: Measured by under-5 mortality rates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Expected Years of Quality-Adjusted School:<\/strong> Combines information on the following two aspects of education.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Quality<\/strong>: Measured by harmonizing test scores from major international student achievement testing programs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quantity<\/strong>: Measured by the number of years of school that a child can expect to obtain by age 18 given the prevailing pattern of enrollment rates across grades in respective countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Health<\/strong>: Measured using two indicators &#8211; adult survival rates, and rate of stunting for children under age 5 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a5431b4396318dbb013f30942e034c30\" style=\"color:#ff6a00\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Green_GDP\"><\/span><strong>Green GDP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Green GDP is a term used generally for expressing GDP after adjusting for environmental damages such as biodiversity loss, climate change impacts, etc. Thus, it is an indicator of economic growth with environmental factors taken into consideration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, much more than just a numerical figure, <strong>National Income (NI)<\/strong> is a comprehensive reflection of a country&#8217;s economic vitality. Though the current measures of NI have some shortcomings, they play a crucial role in guiding governments, businesses, and individuals in making informed economic decisions. As we strive for a more holistic understanding of progress, research &amp; development should be carried out to develop more comprehensive measures of National Income (NI) that encompass social well-being and environmental sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-872f6c8c22163307da1e7952386812ea\" style=\"color:#015aa7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_on_National_Income\"><\/span><strong>FAQs on National Income<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1711715042528\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_calculate_National_Income\"><\/span><strong>How to calculate National Income?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is calculated by summing up the values of all the final goods and services produced in an economy during a financial year.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1711715060307\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_calculates_Indias_National_Income\"><\/span><strong>Who calculates India\u2019s National Income?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The National Statistical Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI), calculates the NI in India.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1734552818224\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_calculates_national_income_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Who calculates national income in India?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) calculates national income in India.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1734552827341\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_of_the_following_implies_national_income\"><\/span><strong>Which of the following implies national income?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>National income refers to the total value of goods and services produced within a country, including net income from abroad, during a specific period. It is often measured using indicators like GDP (Gross Domestic Product), GNP (Gross National Product), or NNP (Net National Product) at factor cost.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>National Income (NI) is a fundamental concept in economics, acting as a key metric for gauging a country&#8217;s economic performance..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":7981,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[72],"class_list":["post-6801","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-indian-economy","tag-gs-3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6801","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6801"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6801\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21457,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6801\/revisions\/21457"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6801"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6801"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nextias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6801"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}